Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to urolithiasis: a meta-regression and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background The currently available data with respect to the association between vitamin D receptor ( VDR ) gene polymorphism and risk to urolithiasis are inconclusive and inconsistent. Hence, an exhaustive meta-analysis can solve the discrepancies and provide a hint for upcoming investigations. Herein, a meta-analysis was carried out to attain a conclusive estimate of the association between VDR gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and urolithiasis risk. Methods The major databases, including ISI Web of science, Scopus, and PubMed/MEDLINE were searched systematically from until June 2020 to retrieve all relevant studies. Association between VDR gene polymorphisms, including FokI (rs2228570), TaqI (rs731236), BsmI (rs1544410), and ApaI (rs7975232), and urolithiasis risk was evaluated using pooled odds ratio (OR) and their corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). Additionally, to seek for the potential source of heterogeneity, meta-regression analyses were exerted. Results Literature search led to finally finding of 33 studies evaluating the VDR gene SNPs and urolithiasis risk. It was observed that none of the four SNPs were significantly associated with urolithiasis predisposition. However, subgroup analysis confirmed higher risk of urolithiasis in East-Asian and Caucasian population with ApaI and TaqI gene polymorphism. The analyses of sensitivity acknowledged the results stability. Conclusion Although this meta-analysis did not support the association of FokI, TaqI, BsmI , and ApaI in the overall polled analysis, it suggests that ApaI and TaqI SNPs is associated with increased risk of urolithiasis in East-Asian and Caucasians populations.

Genetic Polymorphisms and Kidney Stones Around the Globe: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Our results revealed a significant association in the overall pooled meta-analysis (OR:1.20; 95% CI: 1.06–1.36). In subgroup analysis, rs2228570 (FokI) showed a significant relationship (OR = 1.28; 95% CI:1.01–1.62) with urolithiasis ( Imani et al, 2020 ).…”

Genes polymorphism as risk factor of recurrent urolithiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Although all this research had shown TaqI polymorphism to be closely related to Asians, a recent meta-analysis opposed the previous claims and reported no association between TaqI, ApaI , and BsmI with urolithiasis in the Asian population [ 21 ]. Another recent meta-analysis claimed with mixed results regarding these SNPs association with Asians and Caucasians population [ 22 ]. Unfortunately, our study is unable to conclude the involvement between VDR gene polymorphism and urolithiasis recurrence in either the Asian or Caucasian population as the population obtained for our VDR gene polymorphism analysis study is largely derived from European countries.…”

The correlation between promoter hypermethylation of VDR, CLDN, and CasR genes and recurrent stone formation

“…Several studies analyzed the associations of VDR gene expression with urolithiasis risk in different ethnic groups [ 24 ]. A meta-analysis by Imani D et al indicated that although their study did not emphasize the relationship of FokI, TaqI, BsmI, and ApaI in the general sampled examination, but it proposes that ApaI and TaqI SNPs are linked to the bigger risk of urolithiasis in East-Asian and Caucasians populations [ 5 ]. It was indicated that urinary calcium excretion has increased in response to vitamin D (VitD) supplements, at least in some groups of kidney stone formers.…”

“…Some genes are the most highlighted ones in recurrent kidney stones, like Vitamin D Receptors (VitD R), Claudin 14 (CLDN14), and Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) [ 5 , 6 ]. Despite the established importance of these three genes in kidney stone formation, their promoter methylations have not evaluated yet.…”