Vitamin D levels and associated factors: a population-based study in Switzerland

Guessous, Idris; Dudler, Vincent; Glatz, Nicolas; Théler, Jean-Marc; Zoller, Otmar; Paccaud, Fred; Burnier, Michel; Bochud, Murielle

doi:10.4414/smw.2012.13719

Cited by 52 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…For participants below age 18 years, written consent from one parent or a legal representative was obtained. Details of the conduct of this study have been previously published [7]. Of the original sample, 235 individuals were excluded due to missing information on fluid intake (n = 79), refusal of providing a blood sample (n = 144), self-reported missed portion of urine collection (n = 25) or 24-hour urine volume <500 ml (n = 12), leaving 1300 individuals for the present analysis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with 24-hour urinary volume: the Swiss salt survey

et al. 2013

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BackgroundLow 24-hour urine volume (24UV) may be a significant risk factor for decline in kidney function. We therefore aimed to study associated markers and possible determinants of 24UV in a sample of the Swiss population.MethodsThe cross-sectional Swiss Salt Study included a population-based sample of 1535 (746 men and 789 women) individuals from three linguistic regions of Switzerland. Data from 1300 subjects were available for the present analysis. 24UV was measured using 24-hour urine collection. Determinants of 24UV were identified using multivariable linear regression models.ResultsIn bivariate analysis, 24UV was higher in women compared to men (2000 ml/24 h [interquartile range (IQR): 1354, 2562] versus 1780 ml/24 h [IQR: 1244, 2360], p = 0.002). In multivariable regression analyses, independent associated markers of 24UV were female sex (β = 280, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 174, 386, p < 0.0001), fluid intake (β = 604, 95% CI: 539, 670, p < 0.0001), sodium excretion (β = 4.2, 95% CI: 3.4, 4.9, p < 0.0001) age (β = 6.6, CI: 3.4, 9.7, p < .0001), creatinine clearance (β = 2.4, CI: 0.2, 4.6, p = 0.04), living in the German-speaking part of Switzerland (β = 124, CI: 29, 219, p = 0.01), alcohol consumption (β = 41, CI: 9, 73, p = 0.01 for increasing categories of alcohol consumption), body mass index (β = −32, CI: -45, -18, p < 0.0001), current smoking (β = −146, CI: -265, -26, p = 0.02), and consumption of meat and cold cut (β = −56, CI: -108, -5, p = 0.03).ConclusionIn this large population-based, cross-sectional study, we found several strong and independent correlates for 24UV. These findings may be important to improve our understanding in the development of chronic kidney disease.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with 24-hour urinary volume: the Swiss salt survey

et al. 2013

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“…The participants to this reference interval study are living in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland (see Table 1 for more information about the study population) and they form a sub-cohort of the Swiss Study on Salt intake, a representative random population-based cross-sectional study about the salt intake in Switzerland, who contributed 24-h urinary collections (for details see [2]). The study was approved by the Cantonal Ethics Committee Zurich, participation was voluntary and all participants gave written consent.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reference intervals for 24 laboratory parameters determined in 24-hour urine collections

Curcio

Stettler

Suter

et al. 2016

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM)

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BACKGROUND: Reference intervals for many laboratory parameters determined in 24-h urine collections are either not publicly available or based on small numbers, not sex specific or not from a representative sample. METHODS: Osmolality and concentrations or enzymatic activities of sodium, potassium, chloride, glucose, creatinine, citrate, cortisol, pancreatic -amylase, total protein, albumin, transferrin, immunoglobulin G, 1-microglobulin, 2-macroglobulin, as well as porphyrins and their precursors ( -aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen) were determined in 241 24-h urine samples of a population-based cohort of asymptomatic adults (121 men and 120 women). For 16 of these 24 parameters creatinine-normalized ratios were calculated based on 24-h urine creatinine. The reference intervals for these parameters were calculated according to the CLSI C28-A3 statistical guidelines. RESULTS: By contrast to most published reference intervals, which do not stratify for sex, reference intervals of 12 of 24 laboratory parameters in 24-h urine collections and of eight of 16 parameters as creatininenormalized ratios differed significantly between men and women. For six parameters calculated as 24-h urine excretion and four parameters calculated as creatinine-normalized ratios no reference intervals had been published before. For some parameters we found significant and relevant deviations from previously reported reference intervals, most notably for 24-h urine cortisol in women. Ten 24-h urine parameters showed weak or moderate sex-specific correlations with age. CONCLUSIONS: By applying up-to-date analytical methods and clinical chemistry analyzers to 24-h urine collections from a large populationbased cohort we provide as yet the most comprehensive set of sex-specific reference intervals calculated according to CLSI guidelines for parameters determined in 24-h urine collections. AbstractBackground: Reference intervals for many laboratory parameters determined in 24-h urine collections are either not publicly available or based on small numbers, not sex specific or not from a representative sample. Methods: Osmolality and concentrations or enzymatic activities of sodium, potassium, chloride, glucose, creatinine, citrate, cortisol, pancreatic α-amylase, total protein, albumin, transferrin, immunoglobulin G, α 1 -microglobulin, α 2 -macroglobulin, as well as porphyrins and their precursors (δ-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen) were determined in 241 24-h urine samples of a population-based cohort of asymptomatic adults (121 men and 120 women). For 16 of these 24 parameters creatininenormalized ratios were calculated based on 24-h urine creatinine. The reference intervals for these parameters were calculated according to the CLSI C28-A3 statistical guidelines. Results: By contrast to most published reference intervals, which do not stratify for sex, reference intervals of 12 of 24 laboratory parameters in 24-h urine collections and of eight of 16 parameters as creatinine-normalized ratios differed significantly...

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“…To satisfy regression assumptions, 24-hour urinary calcium excretion and 24-hour urinary phosphate excretion were square root transformed. Serum 25(OH)D [which included vitamin 25(OH)D 2 and 25(OH) D 3 ] was divided into month-specific tertiles, with the first tertile having the lowest value and the third tertile having the highest value as previously described (12). Dividing vitamin D levels into month-specific tertiles represents the best way to take into account the seasonal variation in vitamin D (19).…”

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Methods have been described previously (12). Briefly, data were used from the Swiss Survey on Salt Intake (SSS) Study (13) conducted between January of 2010 and March of 2012.…”

Section: Source Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Total serum proteins were measured by the Biuret reaction (intra-and interbatch CVs were 0.60% and 1.00%, respectively); protein-corrected serum calcium was then calculated (14). Serum 25(OH)D [including vitamin 25(OH)D 2 and 25(OH)D 3 ] concentration was measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (intraand interbatch CVs were 4% and 8%, respectively) (12,15). Serum urea was measured by the Urease-glutamate deshydrogenase method (intra-and interbatch CVs were 0.80% and 3.40%, respectively).…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association of Urinary Calcium Excretion with Serum Calcium and Vitamin D Levels

Rathod

Bonny

Guessous

et al. 2015

Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

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Background and objectives Population-based data on urinary calcium excretion are scarce. The association of serum calcium and circulating levels of vitamin D [25(OH)D 2 or D 3 ] with urinary calcium excretion in men and women from a population-based study was explored.Design, settings, participants, & measurements Multivariable linear regression was used to explore factors associated with square root-transformed 24-hour urinary calcium excretion (milligrams per 24 hours) taken as the dependent variable with a focus on month-specific vitamin D tertiles and serum calcium in the Swiss Survey on Salt Study.Results In total, 624 men and 669 women were studied with mean ages of 49.2 and 47.0 years, respectively (age range=15-95 years). Mean urinary calcium excretion was higher in men than in women (183.05 versus 144.60 mg/24 h; P,0.001). In adjusted models, the association (95% confidence interval) of square root urinary calcium excretion with protein-corrected serum calcium was 1.78 (95% confidence interval, 1.21 to 2.34) mg/24 h per milligram per deciliter in women and 0.59 (95% confidence interval, 20.11 to 1.29) mg/24 h per milligram per deciliter in men. Men in the third 25(OH)D 3 tertile had higher square root urinary calcium excretion than men in the first tertile (0.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.36 to 1.63 mg/24 h per nanogram per milliliter), and the corresponding association was 0.32 (95% confidence interval, 20.22 to 0.85) mg/24 h per nanogram per milliliter in women. These sex differences were more marked under conditions of high urinary sodium or urea excretions.Conclusions There was a positive association of serum calcium with urinary calcium excretion in women but not men. Vitamin 25(OH)D 3 was associated with urinary calcium excretion in men but not women. These results suggest important sex differences in the hormonal and dietary control of urinary calcium excretion.

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Vitamin D levels and associated factors: a population-based study in Switzerland

Abstract: Low levels of vitamin D are common among Swiss adults, in particular during winter months and outside the Italian-speaking region.

Cited by 52 publications

References 35 publications

Factors associated with 24-hour urinary volume: the Swiss salt survey

Factors associated with 24-hour urinary volume: the Swiss salt survey

Reference intervals for 24 laboratory parameters determined in 24-hour urine collections

Association of Urinary Calcium Excretion with Serum Calcium and Vitamin D Levels

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