Vitamin D, Iron Metabolism, and Diet in Alpinists During a 2-Week High-Altitude Climb

Kasprzak, Zbigniew; Śliwicka, Ewa; Hennig, Karol; Huta-Osiecka, Anna; Nowak, Alicja

doi:10.1089/ham.2015.0008

Cited by 21 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…As indicated in our earlier study, the reasons for the decrease in serum 25(OH)D levels on exposure to hypoxia could be the intensification of inflammatory processes [23]. Studies have shown that this vitamin may possess natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties [24,25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Serum irisin and myostatin levels after 2 weeks of high-altitude climbing

Śliwicka¹,

Cisoń

Kasprzak³

et al. 2017

PLoS ONE

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Exposure to high-altitude hypoxia causes physiological and metabolic adaptive changes by disturbing homeostasis. Hypoxia-related changes in skeletal muscle affect the closely interconnected energy and regeneration processes. The balance between protein synthesis and degradation in the skeletal muscle is regulated by several molecules such as myostatin, cytokines, vitamin D, and irisin. This study investigates changes in irisin and myostatin levels in male climbers after a 2-week high-altitude expedition, and their association with 25(OH)D and indices of inflammatory processes. The study was performed in 8 men aged between 23 and 31 years, who participated in a 2-week climbing expedition in the Alps. The measurements of body composition and serum concentrations of irisin, myostatin, 25(OH)D, interleukin-6, myoglobin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, osteoprotegerin, and high-sensitivity soluble receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (sRANKL) were performed before and after expedition. A 2-week exposure to hypobaric hypoxia caused significant decrease in body mass, body mass index (BMI), free fat mass and irisin, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels. On the other hand, significant increase in the levels of myoglobin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and osteoprotegerin were noted. The observed correlations of irisin with 25(OH)D levels, as well as myostatin levels with inflammatory markers and the OPG/RANKL ratio indicate that these myokines may be involved in the energy-related processes and skeletal muscle regeneration in response to 2-week exposure to hypobaric hypoxia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Serum irisin and myostatin levels after 2 weeks of high-altitude climbing

Śliwicka¹,

Cisoń

Kasprzak³

et al. 2017

PLoS ONE

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“…IL-6 is a multifunctional protein produced by immune cells of the endothelium, connective tissue, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle 22 . Factors inducing the expression of the IL-6 gene in skeletal muscle include reactive oxygen species 23 .Our previous studies showed that exposure to hypobaric hypoxia for 2 weeks during a climbing expedition decreased the level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in the human body 24,25 . Other authors have not unequivocally concluded whether the reason for this decrease in 25(OH)D levels in blood serum is due to hypoxia and the related production of pro-inflammatory factors, exercise-induced muscle damage, or/and low ambient temperatures.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of whole-body cryotherapy on 25-hydroxyvitamin D, irisin, myostatin, and interleukin-6 levels in healthy young men of different fitness levels

Śliwicka¹,

Cisoń

Straburzyńska-Lupa³

2020

Sci Rep

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Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue play an important role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis and thermogenesis. We aimed to investigate the effects of single and repeated exposure to wholebody cryotherapy in volunteers with different physical fitness levels on 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH) D) and myokines. The study included 22 healthy male volunteers (mean age: 21 ± 1.17 years), who underwent 10 consecutive sessions in a cryogenic chamber once daily (3 minutes, −110 °C). Blood samples were collected before and 30 minutes and 24 hours after the first and last cryotherapy sessions. Prior to treatment, body composition and physical fitness levels were measured. After 10 cryotherapy treatments, significant changes were found in myostatin concentrations in the low physical fitness level (LPhL) group. The 25(OH)D levels were increased in the high physical fitness level (HPhL) group and decreased in the LPhL group. The HPhL group had significant changes in the level of high-sensitivity interleukin-6 after the first treatment. The LPhL group had significant changes in 25(OH)D, irisin, and myostatin levels after the tenth treatment. Our data demonstrated that in healthy young men, cryotherapy affects 25(OH)D levels, but they were small and transient. The body's response to a series of 10 cryotherapy treatments is modified by physical fitness level.Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) (also referred to as whole-body cryostimulation) has been used for many years in Europe. Initially, due to its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, it was empirically applied as a symptomatic adjunct therapy in rheumatic diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and fibromyalgia) 1-4 . In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the possibility of administering systemic cryotherapy to athletes and physically active individuals to improve recovery of injured muscles following exercise 5-7 and enhance athletic performance 8 .The effects of acute or chronic exposure to low temperatures on the human body and the resulting physiological reactions are continuously being researched. Low temperature exposure affects several biological reactions in the body, which are mediated by the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system, along with an increased secretion of cortisol and catecholamines 9 . Bleakley et al. 10 concluded that WBC could have a potentially beneficial effect on inflammatory mediators, antioxidant capacity, and autonomic function during recovery. Cryotherapy has also been shown to play a preventative role against the harmful effects of inflammation and pain caused by exercise 6 . Lombardi et al. 6 noted that WBC does not always lead to beneficial biochemical changes; however, it may improve the final clinical status of the individual by reducing the pain experienced during post-exercise recovery.Most of the research conducted on WBC focuses on the acute effects of single or repeated exposure to WBC treatment in athletes. There is little data on the length of time that th...

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“…This study raises a question if vitamin D supplementation may take part in protection of skeletal muscle against atrophic changes seen under hypobaric hypoxia conditions [ 39 , 131 ]. Findings confirming the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the general population, as well as in athletes [ 132 ], and a significant decrease of serum vitamin D level in alpinists after their return from mountaineering expeditions (14 days, 3200–3616 m above sea level) [ 133 ] suggests that vitamin D supplementation should be considered in athletes who stay at high altitude. Such an assumption is further supported by the fact that the conversion of 25(OH)D into1,25(OH)2D 3 within the kidney by the enzyme 1alfa-hydroxylase is O 2 -dependent and hypoxic conditions induce enzyme inhibition [ 134 ].…”

Section: Vitamin Dmentioning

confidence: 77%

Dietary Recommendations for Cyclists during Altitude Training

et al. 2016

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The concept of altitude or hypoxic training is a common practice in cycling. However, several strategies for training regimens have been proposed, like “live high, train high” (LH-TH), “live high, train low” (LH-TL) or “intermittent hypoxic training” (IHT). Each of them combines the effect of acclimatization and different training protocols that require specific nutrition. An appropriate nutrition strategy and adequate hydration can help athletes achieve their fitness and performance goals in this unfriendly environment. In this review, the physiological stress of altitude exposure and training will be discussed, with specific nutrition recommendations for athletes training under such conditions. However, there is little research about the nutrition demands of athletes who train at moderate altitude. Our review considers energetic demands and body mass or body composition changes due to altitude training, including respiratory and urinary water loss under these conditions. Carbohydrate intake recommendations and hydration status are discussed in detail, while iron storage and metabolism is also considered. Last, but not least the risk of increased oxidative stress under hypoxic conditions and antioxidant supplementation suggestions are presented.

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Vitamin D, Iron Metabolism, and Diet in Alpinists During a 2-Week High-Altitude Climb

Cited by 21 publications

References 25 publications

Serum irisin and myostatin levels after 2 weeks of high-altitude climbing

Serum irisin and myostatin levels after 2 weeks of high-altitude climbing

Effects of whole-body cryotherapy on 25-hydroxyvitamin D, irisin, myostatin, and interleukin-6 levels in healthy young men of different fitness levels

Dietary Recommendations for Cyclists during Altitude Training

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