Vitamin D Deficiency in India: Prevalence, Causalities and Interventions

Ritu, G; Gupta, Ajay

doi:10.3390/nu6020729

Cited by 330 publications

(164 citation statements)

References 135 publications

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“…In the study population, we found a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency which is consistent with other Indian studies [2]. However, a recent study from Nepal found that only <5% of breastfed infants were vitamin-D deficient, even when a higher cut off (<20 ng/l) was used [21].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Vitamin-D Deficiency Predicts Infections in Young North Indian Children: A Secondary Data Analysis

Chowdhury

Taneja

Bhandari

et al. 2016

Preprint

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Recent studies have demonstrated a relationship between poor vitamin D status and respiratory infections and diarrhea among young children. Acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) and diarrhea are among the two most important causes of death in under-5 children. In this analysis, we examine the extent to which vitamin-D deficiency (<10 ng/ml) predicts these outcomes using data from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of daily folic acid and/ or vitamin B12 supplementation for six months in 6 to 30 months old children conducted in Delhi, India. Of the 960 subjects who had vitamin-D concentrations measured, 331(34.5%) were vitamin-D deficient. We found, after controlling for relevant potential confounders (age, sex, breastfeeding status, wasting, stunting, underweight, anemia status at base line and season), the risk of ALRI was significantly higher among vitamin-D deficient (OR 1.26; 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.55) compared to vitamin-D-replete children in the six months follow-up period. Vitamin-D status was not significantly associated with episodes of diarrhea and clinical pneumonia. The extent of causal relationship of vitamin-D status and ALRI needs to be explored in further studies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Vitamin-D Deficiency Predicts Infections in Young North Indian Children: A Secondary Data Analysis

Chowdhury

Taneja

Bhandari

et al. 2016

Preprint

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“…Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) has become a public health issue both in developed and developing countries [4-6]. It is estimated that more than 1 billion people have suffered from VDD [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comorbidity of Vitamin A and Vitamin D Deficiency Exacerbates the Severity of Atopic Dermatitis in Children

Xiang

Wang

2019

Dermatology

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Background: Several studies have suggested that vitamin D (VD) deficiency (VDD) is associated with atopic dermatitis (AD). However, little is known about the relationship between AD and vitamin A (VA). The interaction between VA and VD on AD requires further study. Objective: We detected serum levels of VA and VD in children with AD to explore how VA deficiency (VAD) and VDD affect AD severity. Methods: We assessed the SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index, total immunoglobin E levels and peripheral blood eosinophil counts. VA and VD levels were determined with high-performance liquid chromatography. Correlations among variables were investigated with Pearson’s correlation analysis. Results: The VD and VA levels were significantly lower in children with AD than in normal children (p < 0.001, p = 0.0423). Both VD and VA levels were negatively correlated with SCORAD scores. The SCORAD scores were significantly higher in AD patients with both VDD and VAD (co-deficiency) than in other AD patients. Significant inverse correlations were observed between peripheral blood eosinophil counts and serum VA and VD levels. Conclusions: VA and VD co-deficiency may exacerbate AD symptoms in children, but the specific mechanism underlying this relationship requires further study. These findings may indicate the need for studies evaluating the use of VD and VA as potential treatments for AD patients.

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“…Vitamin D 3 is found in animal food e.g., fatty fish (e.g., mackerel, salmon and tuna), cod liver oil, milk. Vitamin D 2 is found in vegetal sources like sun-exposed yeast and mushrooms 3 . Figure 1.…”

Section: Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Contributing to High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in India 3 • Most Indians are vegetarians and majority of food items rich in vitamin D are of animal origin.…”

Section: Dietary and Cooking Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D in Therapeutics: Past, Present and Future

Singh

Dharrao

Baheti

2016

mvpjms

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In the beginning of 20 th century vitamin D was classified as a vitamin but later considered as a prohormone ("conditional" vitamin) which influences the expression of more than 200 genes in the human body. Worldwide vitamin D insufficiency affects about 50% of the population and in India about 80% of population has vitamin D level less than normal. In India sunshine is abundant but still Indians are deprived of this sunshine vitamin. Minimal exposure to direct sunlight, staying indoors, use of sunscreen lotions, pollution, clothing, dietary and cooking habits are most important factors for vitamin D deficiency in the Indian population. Serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D level is the initial diagnostic test in patients at risk for deficiency. Treatment with either vitamin D 2 or vitamin D 3 is recommended for patients having deficiency, keeping hypervitaminosis in mind. deficiency. However nobody recognized the vital role of diet or exposure to sunlight in the prevention of this disease. Around 200 years later in 1840 a Polish physician Sniadecki found that rickets occurred in children living in the industrial centre of Warsaw but did not affect children living outside Warsaw. He found that lack of exposure to sunlight in the crowded streets of the city where sunlight is not abundant and there was considerable pollution due to the burning of coal and wood, caused the disease.In 1918 Sir Edward Mellan by discovered that beagles, which are exclusively placed inside house away from natural sunlight and fed a diet of oatmeal, developed rickets but after the addition of cod liver oil to the food cure the disease successfully. In 1921 he demonstrate "The action of fats in rickets is due to a vitamin or a specific food factor which they contain, probably the fat-soluble vitamin.In MetabolismVitamin D 3 is cholecalciferol and vitamin D 2 is ergocalciferol. On exposure to sunlight Vitamin D 3 is produced in the skin. It is derived from 7-dehydrocholesterol by ultraviolet irradiation of the skin. After ingestion vitamin D both D 2 or D 3 , incorporated into chylomicrons which get absorbed into the lymphatic system and enter the venous blood. Vitamin D that comes from the skin or diet is biologically inert and requires its first hydroxylation in the liver and second one in kidneys to form the biologically active form of vitaminD1, 25(OH)2D, 1,25(OH)2D may be responsible for regulating up to 200 genes which may facilitate many of the health benefits 2 . SourcesVitamin D perhaps the one of the vitamin that gets synthesized in the body in the skin with the help of sunlight. Vitamin D 3 is found in animal food e.g., fatty fish (e.g., mackerel, salmon and tuna), cod liver oil, milk. Vitamin D 2 is found in vegetal sources like sun-exposed yeast and mushrooms Causes of Vitamin D Deficiency 2• Inadequate exposure to sunlight -as major source of vitamin D is exposure to natural sunlight.• Skin tone-Dark skin people are more prone for deficiency than white tone as dark skin provide natural sun protection.• Use of sunscreens-reduce...

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Vitamin D Deficiency in India: Prevalence, Causalities and Interventions

Cited by 330 publications

References 135 publications

Vitamin-D Deficiency Predicts Infections in Young North Indian Children: A Secondary Data Analysis

Vitamin-D Deficiency Predicts Infections in Young North Indian Children: A Secondary Data Analysis

Comorbidity of Vitamin A and Vitamin D Deficiency Exacerbates the Severity of Atopic Dermatitis in Children

Vitamin D in Therapeutics: Past, Present and Future

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