Vitamin D deficiency in India

Aparna, P; S, Muthathal; Nongkynrih, Baridalyne; Gupta, Sanjeev Kumar

doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_78_18

Cited by 169 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…After informed and written consent Serum 25 (OH)D estimation was performed along with other routine blood test that includes complete blood count; liver function test; renal function test and estimation of Serum IL-6; TNFα and ferritin level. On the basis of multiple guidelines serum 25(OH) D level of < 20 ng/mL has been defined as vitamin D deficiency 14 . Calculations were also performed adopting 30 ng/ml as the cutoff level of 25(OH) D for defining vitamin D deficiency 15 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of vitamin D level among asymptomatic and critically ill COVID-19 patients and its correlation with inflammatory markers

Jain

Chaurasia

Sengar

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

262

252

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COVID-19 is characterized by marked variability in clinical severity. Vitamin D had recently been reviewed as one of the factors that may affect the severity in COVID-19. The objective of current study is to analyze the vitamin D level in COVID-19 patients and its impact on the disease severity. After approval from Ethics Committee, M.L.B Medical College the current study was undertaken as continuous prospective observational study of 6 weeks. Participants were COVID-19 patients of age group 30–60 years admitted during the study period of 6 weeks. Study included either asymptomatic COVID-19 patients (Group A) or severely ill patients requiring ICU admission (Group B). Serum concentration of 25 (OH)D, were measured along with serum IL-6; TNFα and serum ferritin. Standard statistical analysis was performed to analyze the differences. Current Study enrolled 154 patients, 91 in Group A and 63 patients in Group B. The mean level of vitamin D (in ng/mL) was 27.89 ± 6.21 in Group A and 14.35 ± 5.79 in Group B, the difference was highly significant. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 32.96% and 96.82% respectively in Group A and Group B. Out of total 154 patients, 90 patients were found to be deficient in vitamin D (Group A: 29; Group B: 61). Serum level of inflammatory markers was found to be higher in vitamin D deficient COVID-19 patients viz. IL-6 level (in pg/mL) 19.34 ± 6.17 vs 12.18 ± 4.29; Serum ferritin 319.17 ± 38.21 ng/mL vs 186.83 ± 20.18 ng/mL; TNFα level (in pg/mL) 13.26 ± 5.64 vs 11.87 ± 3.15. The fatality rate was high in vitamin D deficient (21% vs 3.1%). Vitamin D level is markedly low in severe COVID-19 patients. Inflammatory response is high in vitamin D deficient COVID-19 patients. This all translates into increased mortality in vitamin D deficient COVID-19 patients. As per the flexible approach in the current COVID-19 pandemic authors recommend mass administration of vitamin D supplements to population at risk for COVID-19.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of vitamin D level among asymptomatic and critically ill COVID-19 patients and its correlation with inflammatory markers

Jain

Chaurasia

Sengar

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

262

252

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although India is close to the equator and receives a large amount of sunlight throughout the year, most of the Indian population (50–90%) is deficient in vitamin D [15] . In addition, differential levels of 25(OH)D have been observed in different geographical areas of India.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lower levels of vitamin D are associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality in the Indian population: An observational study

Padhi¹,

Suvankar²,

Panda³

et al. 2020

International Immunopharmacology

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“…Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin by conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholecalciferol (vitamin D 3 ) when it is exposed to ultraviolet B radiation (wavelength: 290-320 nm)414. Dietary sources of vitamin D include animal products such as fatty fish, food items fortified with vitamin D and supplements914. Adequate levels of vitamin D can be achieved by exposure to sunlight1.…”

Section: Extra-skeletal Consequences Of Hypovitaminosis Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vitamin D deficiency has been observed in countries which are ‘sunshine deficient’ and ‘sunshine sufficient’14. It is considered as a public health problem in India.…”

Section: Prevalence Of Hypovitaminosis D Among Different Age Groups Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in India & way forward

Kamboj¹,

Dwivedi²,

Toteja³

2018

Indian J Med Res

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Deficiency of vitamin D or hypovitaminosis D is widespread irrespective of age, gender, race and geography and has emerged as an important area of research. Vitamin D deficiency may lead to osteoporosis (osteomalacia in adults and rickets in children) along with calcium deficiency. Its deficiency is linked with low bone mass, weakness of muscles and increased risk of fracture. However, further research is needed to link deficiency of vitamin D with extra-skeletal consequences such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, infections and autoimmune disorders. The causes of vitamin D deficiency include length and timing of sun exposure, amount of skin exposed, latitude, season, level of pollution in atmosphere, clothing, skin pigmentation, application of sunscreen, dietary factors and genetic factors. The primary source is sunlight, and the dietary sources include animal products such as fatty fish, food items fortified with vitamin D and supplements. Different cut-offs have been used to define hypovitaminosis D and its severity in different studies. Based on the findings from some Indian studies, a high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D was observed among different age groups. Hypovitaminosis D ranged from 84.9 to 100 per cent among school-going children, 42 to 74 per cent among pregnant women, 44.3 to 66.7 per cent among infants, 70 to 81.1 per cent among lactating mothers and 30 to 91.2 per cent among adults. To tackle the problem of hypovitaminosis D in India, vitamin D fortification in staple foods, supplementation of vitamin D along with calcium, inclusion of local fortified food items in supplementary nutrition programmes launched by the government, cooperation from stakeholders from food industry and creating awareness among physicians and the general population may help in combating the problem to some extent.

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Vitamin D deficiency in India

Cited by 169 publications

References 66 publications

Analysis of vitamin D level among asymptomatic and critically ill COVID-19 patients and its correlation with inflammatory markers

Analysis of vitamin D level among asymptomatic and critically ill COVID-19 patients and its correlation with inflammatory markers

Lower levels of vitamin D are associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality in the Indian population: An observational study

Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in India & way forward

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