Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular diseases: a narrative review

Kheiri, Babikir; Abdalla, Ahmed; Osman, Mohamed A.; Ahmed, Sahar; Hassan, Mustafa; Bachuwa, Ghassan

doi:10.1186/s40885-018-0094-4

Cited by 145 publications

(137 citation statements)

References 135 publications

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“…VDR null-mice exhibited increased concentrations of renin and angiotensin II leading to hypertension. In wild type mice, 1,25(OH) 2 D administration reduced the expression of renin [61,62]. Although the evidence from animal studies clearly links vitamin D to blood pressure, vitamin D supplementation studies on hypertension in humans yielded mixed results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum Vitamin D Concentration ≥75 nmol/L Is Related to Decreased Cardiometabolic and Inflammatory Biomarkers, Metabolic Syndrome, and Diabetes; and Increased Cardiorespiratory Fitness in US Adults

2020

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A serum vitamin D [25-hydroxyvitamin D, 25(OH)D] concentration of ≥75 nmol/L is recommended for optimal health. We investigated the relationship between serum 25(OH)D and metabolic syndrome (MetS), diabetes, cardiometabolic biomarkers, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in US adults using clinical cut points recommended by health organizations. Data from USA’s National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys were used. Prevalences and likelihood of having MetS and diabetes according to clinical cut points for serum 25(OH)D (<30 nmol/L, 30-<50 nmol/L, 50-<75 nmo/L, and ≥75 nmol/L) were determined with multivariate logistic regression. Relations between serum 25(OH)D and various cardiometabolic biomarkers, CRF, MetS, and diabetes were tested using multivariable adjusted regression. Prevalence of MetS and diabetes were significantly lower in individuals with serum 25(OH)D ≥75 nmol/L (MetS, 21.6%; diabetes, 4.1%) compared to those with 25(OH)D <30 nmol/L (MetS, 45.5%; diabetes, 11.6%) (p < 0.0001). Individuals with serum 25(OH)D ≥75 nmol/L had significantly lower waist circumference (p < 0.0001), C-reactive protein (p = 0.003), glycated hemoglobin (p < 0.0002), fasting triglycerides (p < 0.0001), total homocysteine (p < 0.0001), and insulin resistance (p = 0.0001) and had significantly higher HDL-cholesterol (p < 0.0001) and maximal oxygen uptake (marker for CRF) (p< 0.0009) compared to those with 25(OH)D <30 nmol/L. In conclusion, serum 25(OH)D ≥75 nmol/L is associated with positive indicators related to cardiometabolic diseases in US adults.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum Vitamin D Concentration ≥75 nmol/L Is Related to Decreased Cardiometabolic and Inflammatory Biomarkers, Metabolic Syndrome, and Diabetes; and Increased Cardiorespiratory Fitness in US Adults

2020

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“…Vitamin D also functions in the regulation of the immune system and in the proliferation and differentiation of numerous cell types. Over the past two decades, laboratory and epidemiological studies have also suggested that low vitamin D status may be associated with a variety of health risks, including respiratory illnesses (infections and asthma), adverse pregnancy outcomes, and chronic diseases of adulthood, such as osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease . To date, clinical trials have contributed a limited amount of empirical evidence to support the beneficial effects of vitamin D, primarily on the risk of respiratory infections and some adverse pregnancy outcomes; however, there is limited evidence thus far from randomized clinical trials to support effects on health outcomes other than bone health …”

Section: Vitamin D Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Global prevalence and disease burden of vitamin D deficiency: a roadmap for action in low‐ and middle‐income countries

Roth

Abrams

Aloia

et al. 2018

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

397

340

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Vitamin D is an essential nutrient for bone health and may influence the risks of respiratory illness, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and chronic diseases of adulthood. Because many countries have a relatively low supply of foods rich in vitamin D and inadequate exposure to natural ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight, an important proportion of the global population is at risk of vitamin D deficiency. There is general agreement that the minimum serum/plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (25(OH)D) that protects against vitamin D deficiency-related bone disease is approximately 30 nmol/L; therefore, this threshold is suitable to define vitamin D deficiency in population surveys. However, efforts to assess the vitamin D status of populations in low- and middle-income countries have been hampered by limited availability of population-representative 25(OH)D data, particularly among population subgroups most vulnerable to the skeletal and potential extraskeletal consequences of low vitamin D status, namely exclusively breastfed infants, children, adolescents, pregnant and lactating women, and the elderly. In the absence of 25(OH)D data, identification of communities that would benefit from public health interventions to improve vitamin D status may require proxy indicators of the population risk of vitamin D deficiency, such as the prevalence of rickets or metrics of usual UVB exposure. If a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is identified (>20% prevalence of 25(OH)D < 30 nmol/L) or the risk for vitamin D deficiency is determined to be high based on proxy indicators (e.g., prevalence of rickets >1%), food fortification and/or targeted vitamin D supplementation policies can be implemented to reduce the burden of vitamin D deficiency-related conditions in vulnerable populations.

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“…Vitamin D inadequacy, using the Institute of Medicine definition of a 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration less than 20 ng/mL, affects almost 50% of adults in the United States, with higher prevalence in those with darker skin tones (1–3). Observational studies show associations between low vitamin D concentrations and numerous adverse health outcomes, including autoimmune diseases, migraines, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular events, and cardiovascular mortality (1,3–9). These studies are supported by recent Mendelian randomization studies which provide evidence for a causal relationship between low vitamin D concentrations and increased risk of obesity, ovarian cancer, hypertension, lower cognitive function during aging, multiple sclerosis, and all cause and cancer mortality (10–16).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ancestry-specific polygenic scores and SNP heritability of 25(OH)D in African- and European-ancestry populations

Hatchell

Hebbring

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Short title: Ancestry-specific 25(OH)D PGS and SNP heritability 17 18 Precis: Ancestry-specific polygenic risk scores for 25(OH)D capture more genetic variance than do 19 previous GWAS findings and could be leveraged to inform personalized vitamin D supplementation 20 21 Word Count: 4,965 22 23 Abstract: 41 Context. Vitamin D inadequacy, assessed by 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], affects around 50% of 42 adults in the United States and is associated with numerous adverse health outcomes. Blood 25(OH)D 43 concentrations are influenced by genetic factors that may determine how much vitamin D intake is 44 required to reach optimal 25(OH)D. Despite large genome-wide association studies (GWASs), only a 45 small portion of the genetic factors contributing to differences in 25(OH)D levels has been discovered.46 Objective. Therefore, knowledge of a fuller set of genetic factors could be useful for risk prediction of 47 25(OH)D inadequacy, personalized vitamin D supplementation, and prevention of morbidity and mortality 48 from deficient 25(OH)D. 49Design. Using PRSice and weights from published African-and European-ancestry GWAS summary 50 statistics, ancestry-specific polygenic scores (PGSs) were created to capture a more complete set of 51 genetic factors. 52Patients or Other Participants. Participants (European ancestry n=9,569, African ancestry n=2,761) 53 came from three cohort studies. 54Main Outcome Measure(s). Blood concentrations of 25(OH)D. 55Results. The PGS for African ancestry was derived using all input SNPs (a p-value cut-off of 1.0) and 56 had an R 2 of 0.3%; for European ancestry, the optimal PGS used a p-value cut-off of 3.5x10 -4 in the 57 target/tuning dataset and had an R 2 of 1.0% in the validation cohort. Those with highest genetic risk had 58 25(OH)D that was 2.8-3.0 ng/ml lower than those with lowest genetic risk (p=0.0463 to 3.2x10 -13 ), 59requiring an additional 467 to 500 IU of vitamin D intake to maintain equivalent 25(OH)D. 60Conclusions. PGSs are a powerful predictive tool that could be leveraged for personalized vitamin D 61 supplementation to prevent the negative downstream effects of 25(OH)D inadequacy. 62 63 64 65 Keywords: Genetics, ancestry, vitamin D, diet, polygenic risk score, heritability higher prevalence in those with darker skin tones (1-3). Observational studies show associations between 71 low vitamin D concentrations and numerous adverse health outcomes, including autoimmune diseases, 72 migraines, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular events, and cardiovascular mortality (1,3-9). These73 studies are supported by recent Mendelian randomization studies which provide evidence for a causal 74 relationship between low vitamin D concentrations and increased risk of obesity, ovarian cancer, 75 hypertension, lower cognitive function during aging, multiple sclerosis, and all cause and cancer mortality 76 (10-16). Furthermore, some clinical trials have shown that vitamin D and calcium supplementation are 77 important in the prevention of fractures and cardiovascular risk factor...

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Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular diseases: a narrative review

Cited by 145 publications

References 135 publications

Serum Vitamin D Concentration ≥75 nmol/L Is Related to Decreased Cardiometabolic and Inflammatory Biomarkers, Metabolic Syndrome, and Diabetes; and Increased Cardiorespiratory Fitness in US Adults

Serum Vitamin D Concentration ≥75 nmol/L Is Related to Decreased Cardiometabolic and Inflammatory Biomarkers, Metabolic Syndrome, and Diabetes; and Increased Cardiorespiratory Fitness in US Adults

Global prevalence and disease burden of vitamin D deficiency: a roadmap for action in low‐ and middle‐income countries

Ancestry-specific polygenic scores and SNP heritability of 25(OH)D in African- and European-ancestry populations

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