Vitamin D, Calcium, and Breast Cancer Risk: A Review

Cui, Yan; Rohan, Thomas E.

doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0075

Cited by 156 publications

(164 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…Although their biological mechanism in cancer cells remains poorly known, calcium has been recognized as a key component in the maintenance of proper cell structure and functions (Rasmussen, 1986;Friedman et al, 1989Friedman et al, , 2005Whitfield et al, 1995). Similarly, several epidemiological studies have shown that vitamin D has various anticancer effects (Martinez et al, 1996;Shin et al, 2002;Cui and Rohan, 2006;Deeb et al, 2007). Vitamin D is absorbed from diet or made in the skin by sun exposure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For breast cancer, calcium has been proposed to reduce fat-induced cell proliferation by maintaining intracellular calcium concentrations (Jacobson et al, 1989;Carroll et al, 1991;Newmark, 1994;Lipkin and Newmark, 1999;Xue et al, 1999). Vitamin D modulates calcium metabolism, inhibits cellular proliferation, induces differentiation and apoptosis and (Ziegler et al, 1991) inhibits angiogenesis in normal and malignant breast cells Xue et al, 1999;Shin et al, 2002;Cui and Rohan, 2006;Deeb et al, 2007). With regard to cervical cancer, however, only a few epidemiological studies have sought to determine the association between calcium and vitamin D and cancer risk (Ziegler et al, 1990(Ziegler et al, , 1991Liu et al, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association between dietary calcium and vitamin D intake and cervical carcinogenesis among Japanese women

et al. 2010

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Background/Objectives: To examine the association between dietary calcium and vitamin D intake and cervical neoplasia risk, we conducted a case-control study. Subjects/Methods: We selected 405 incident cervical neoplasias (333 invasive carcinomas and 72 cervical intraepithelial neoplasias grade III (CIN3)) and 2025 age-matched non-cancer controls. Dietary information was collected using a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The effect on cervical neoplasia risk was evaluated using conditional logistic regression models. Results: The inverse association between invasive carcinoma and milk, yogurt and fish was observed. On the other hand, the marginally significant inverse association between CIN3 and tofu and green leafy vegetables was observed. Compared with the lowest quartile (Q1) of calcium intake, adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for each of the three upper quartiles (Q2, Q3 and Q4) on invasive carcinoma risk were 0.86 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.63-1.17), 0.50 (95% CI 0.34-0.73) and 0.68 (95% CI 0.48-0.97), respectively (P for trend ¼ 0.004). However, no association between calcium and cancer risk was evident among CIN3 cases (P for trend ¼ 0.528). Vitamin D intake showed a similar inverse association (Q2: OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.74-1.44; Q3: OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.56-1.15; and Q4: OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.43-0.94; P for trend ¼ 0.013). Similar to calcium, no association between vitamin D intake among CIN3 was evident (P for trend ¼ 0.109). An inverse association with calcium was evident in women whose vitamin D intake was low. However, this combined effect was not significant (invasive carcinoma: interaction P ¼ 0.819; and CIN3: interaction P ¼ 0.101). Conclusion: We found an inverse association between dietary calcium and vitamin D intake and cervical neoplasia risk among a group of Japanese women.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between dietary calcium and vitamin D intake and cervical carcinogenesis among Japanese women

et al. 2010

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“…It is also increasingly important that screened women with dense breasts are advised to avoid lifestyles such as alcohol intake and exogenous hormone use that have been shown to increase cancer risk in women with dense breast. Also, consumption of food species associated with lower breast density 22,72,75,77 and physical activity 78 is encouraged as these may mitigate their risk of developing breast cancer.…”

Section: Breast Composition and Radiographic Appearancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19 Some lifestyle parameters responsible for high breast density and breast cancer are controllable, 20 and consumption of food species such as vegetables, vitamin D, and calcium may have an ameliorative impact on the breast density and breast cancer risk. 21,22 Breast density is also a significant factor in interval breast cancer (cancer detected within 12 months after a normal screening mammogram), accounting for about 50%. 3,5 Women with dense breasts are 4.7 to 17.8 times at risk of interval breast cancer relative to those with non-dense breasts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast composition: Measurement and clinical use

Ekpo¹,

Hogg²,

Highnam³

et al. 2015

Radiography

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Breast density is a measure of the extent of radiodense fibroglandular tissue in the breast. The risk of developing breast cancer and the risk of missing cancer at screening rise with higher breast density. In this paper, the historical background to breast density measurement is outlined and current evidence based practice is explained. The relevance of breast density knowledge to mammographic practice and image interpretation is considered in the light of clinical assessment and notification of mammographic breast density (MBD). The current work also discusses risk stratification for decisionmaking regarding screening frequency and better modalities for earlier detection of breast cancer in the dense breast. Automated volumetric approaches are explained while ultrasound, digital breast tomosynthesis, molecular breast imaging, and magnetic resonance imaging are introduced as valuable adjuncts to digital mammography for imaging the dense breast. The work concludes on the important note that screened women should be notified of their breast density, and such notification should be accompanied with clear and adequate information about breast density and cancer risk, strategies associated with lower MBD, as well as best screening intervals and pathways for women with dense breasts. Adoption of these strategies may be crucial to early detection and treatment of cancer and improving survival from the disease.

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“…The vitamin D receptor is present in breast tissue and 1,25(OH) 2 D has anti-proliferative and prodifferentiation effects on breast cancer cells (130) . Vitamin D Vitamin D in health and diseaseand Ca are metabolically interrelated and are suggested in playing a role in the development of breast cancer by some epidemiological studies (129) . In an analysis of the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study, among a cohort of 5009 white women followed for an average of 17·3 years, several measures of sunlight exposure and dietary vitamin D intake were associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer (131) .…”

Section: Breast Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of vitamin D in health and disease

Wang

2009

Nutr. Res. Rev.

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Results from ecological, case -control and cohort studies have shown that vitamin D reduces the risk of bone fracture, falls, autoimmune diseases, type 2 diabetes, CVD and cancer. However, there is still epidemic vitamin D insufficiency especially among individuals living at high latitudes or with dark skin. Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) are considered the best biomarker of vitamin D nutritional status. Appropriate sunshine exposure or oral supplementation is necessary to maintain sufficient vitamin D status, which is generally accepted as serum 25(OH)D . 75 nmol/l. Immunoassays, especially RIA, have been primarily used to measure serum 25(OH)D while liquid chromatography -MS (LC -MS) is considered the 'gold standard'. There is significant disparity among the immunoassays, and all immunoassays have considerable bias compared with LC -MS methods. Because of the variations among the results from these different assays, it is necessary that assay-specific reference ranges be established or standardisation of the assays take place. The present review focuses on ecological, case -control, and cohort studies that investigated the role of vitamin D in health and disease. In addition, analytical techniques used in laboratory evaluation of vitamin D nutritional status are also critically reviewed. The majority of the literature included in the present review is selected from that searchable in PubMed up to the end of September 2008.

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Vitamin D, Calcium, and Breast Cancer Risk: A Review

Cited by 156 publications

References 90 publications

Association between dietary calcium and vitamin D intake and cervical carcinogenesis among Japanese women

Association between dietary calcium and vitamin D intake and cervical carcinogenesis among Japanese women

Breast composition: Measurement and clinical use

Epidemiology of vitamin D in health and disease

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