Vitamin D and progression of carotid intima‐media thickness in HIV‐positive Canadians

Huff, Harold; Merchant, AT; Lonn, Eva; Pullenayegum, E.; Smaill, Fiona; Śmieja, Marek

doi:10.1111/hiv.12563

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 49 publications

(66 reference statements)

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“…In those with type 1 diabetes mellitus with mean age around 30–35 years old, previous studies have reported no significant association between the circulating serum 25(OH)D concentration and cIMT 24 , 25 . In a cross-sectional cohort study of 654 relatively healthy participants without history of coronary heart disease, serum 25(OH)D concentration was significantly inversely related to the internal cIMT but not the common cIMT 26 and similar finding was found in another study composed of HIV-infected patients 27 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

The relationship between circulating vitamin D3 and subclinical atherosclerosis in an elderly Asian population

Chou

Liu

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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The current evidence regarding the association between vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular diseases/metabolic disorders is contradictory and inconclusive. In this large-scale observational study, we investigated the relationship between the serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 [25(OH)D] concentration and subclinical atherosclerosis in an elderly Asian population. In the I-Lan longitudinal study (ILAS), 1798 elderly, aged 50 and older, were enrolled. For each subject, serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 [25(OH)D] concentration and demographic data were recorded. The participants were divided into two groups according to their serum 25(OH)D level (sufficient, > 20 ng/mL and deficient, ≤ 20 ng/mL). Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) was measured at bilateral common carotid arteries. Subclinical atherosclerosis was defined as a mean cIMT > 0.81 mm. The mean subject age was 64 ± 9 years old, and 604 (33.6%) were identified as having serum 25(OH)D level ≤ 20 ng/mL. Subjects with serum 25(OH)D level ≤ 20 ng/mL were younger, more likely to be female and smoker, and had a higher incidence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome, compared to those with serum 25(OH)D level > 20 ng/mL. Additionally, patients with serum 25(OH)D level ≤ 20 ng/mL were associated with a lower risk of subclinical atherosclerosis (crude OR: 0.63, 95% CI 0.50–0.81, p < 0.001), according to univariate analysis. However, after adjusting for gender and age, serum 25(OH)D level ≤ 20 ng/mL was not a significant risk factor for subclinical atherosclerosis. Serum 25(OH)D level ≤ 20 ng/mL was not an independent risk factor for subclinical atherosclerosis in this large elderly Asian population. Association observed in the univariate analysis may be confounded by gender or comorbidities.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

The relationship between circulating vitamin D3 and subclinical atherosclerosis in an elderly Asian population

Chou

Liu

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Study participants were enrolled as part of the Canadian HIV-Vascular Study, which was a 5-year multi-center cohort study that has been previously published [30]. The population consisted of adults diagnosed with HIV, aged 35 years or older, presenting for routine clinical visits at one of five participating HIV clinics.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between Atherosclerosis and Plasma Antioxidant Micronutrients or Red Blood Cell Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in People Living with HIV

et al. 2019

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Background: People living with human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) (PLWH) are at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Diet-related factors may contribute. The aim of this pilot study was to determine, in PLWH, the relationship between atherosclerosis assessed by carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and (A) plasma antioxidant micronutrients and oxidative stress or (B) red blood cell polyunsaturated fatty acids (RBC PUFA), particularly long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA). Methods: (A) In a cross-sectional study, subjects had CIMT evaluated by high resolution carotid artery ultrasound. Plasma was collected for vitamin C, measured by spectrophotometry; and alpha- and gamma-tocopherol, retinol, and malondialdehyde—a marker of oxidative stress—using high pressure liquid chromatography and fluorescence spectrophotometry. (B) In a prospective cohort study, other subjects had RBC PUFA measured at baseline, using gas chromatography, and CIMT assessed at baseline and repeated after 2 years. Clinical data was also collected. Results: (A) 91 PLWH participated. Only alpha- and gamma-tocopherol levels were positively correlated with CIMT. In a multivariate analysis, age and systolic blood pressure were significantly associated with CIMT with gamma-tocopherol near significance (p = 0.053). (B) 69 PLWH participated. At baseline, docosahexaenoic acid (n-3 PUFA) and the ratio of docosahexaenoic acid to arachidonic acid (n-6 PUFA) were significantly and negatively correlated with CIMT. However, a multivariate analysis failed to detect a significant relationship either at baseline or 2 years after. Conclusion: In addition to age and systolic blood pressure, atherosclerosis assessed by CIMT might be associated with higher serum gamma-tocopherol levels. There was a non-significant association between CIMT and RBC n-3 PUFA or the ratio of n-3 to n-6 PUFA.

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“…One study found that 44.6% of their HIV participants had vitamin D deficiency [21], while another study reports that the numbers vary from 24% to 72% depending on climate, age, and geographic area [20]. There have been observational studies that show an association between low vitamin D levels and increased cardiovascular disease [22]. Further investigations show an inverse relationship between carotid media-intima thickness (CMIT), a measure of subclinical vascular disease, and vitamin D levels in HIV patients [22].…”

Section: Micronutrient Supplementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There have been observational studies that show an association between low vitamin D levels and increased cardiovascular disease [22]. Further investigations show an inverse relationship between carotid media-intima thickness (CMIT), a measure of subclinical vascular disease, and vitamin D levels in HIV patients [22]. There was also an association with low vitamin D levels and subclinical atherosclerosis when compared to HIV patients without deficient vitamin D levels [21].…”

Section: Micronutrient Supplementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Changes in Pediatric HIV-Positive Patients and Potential Lifestyle Interventional Strategies

Patel

Kennedy

2021

Cureus

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Metabolic changes in the HIV population have been well-studied, particularly after the advent of antiretroviral therapy. More notably, the emergence of the metabolic syndrome within the HIV population, due to prolonged survival, has led to an increasing rate of cardiovascular occurrence and mortality within the population in adult life. Importance of early intervention in HIV children, particularly lifestyle modifications, is necessary to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and mortality in adulthood. Potential clinical interventions include routine anthropometric measurements as a measure of CVD risk, a low saturated fat and high fiber diet, and vigorous aerobic exercise have been shown to decrease CVD risk in the HIV population. The literature review found multiple knowledge gaps due to minimal studies completed on the HIV population and even less on HIV-positive children. Overall, a standardized protocol was required to better care for HIV-positive children and potential future CVD mortality.

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Vitamin D and progression of carotid intima‐media thickness in HIV‐positive Canadians

Abstract: Baseline 25(OH)D was associated with CIMT progression in this relatively vitamin D replete, predominately white and male, Canadian HIV-positive population. Future research needs to establish causality as this may warrant more targeted screening or supplementation.

Cited by 8 publications

References 49 publications

The relationship between circulating vitamin D3 and subclinical atherosclerosis in an elderly Asian population

The relationship between circulating vitamin D3 and subclinical atherosclerosis in an elderly Asian population

Relationships between Atherosclerosis and Plasma Antioxidant Micronutrients or Red Blood Cell Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in People Living with HIV

Metabolic Changes in Pediatric HIV-Positive Patients and Potential Lifestyle Interventional Strategies

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