Vitamin D and fibroplastic processes in myocardium in spontaneously hypertensive rats with initial kidney dysfunction

Abstract

Background. Even a moderate decrease in glomerular filtration rate leads to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which is the leading cause of mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) underlies CVD development in renal dysfunction. The prevalence of LVH in patients with CKD stages 2–4 is 50–70 % and reaches 95 % at the beginning of dialysis, which significantly exceeds the number of cases in general population (15–21 %). Common hemodynamic factors associated with chronic kidney damage —hypertension (HTN), activation of the renin-angiotensin system, anemia, fluid and sodium retention, and others largely explain the high prevalence of LVH among patients with CKD. Nevertheless, the existence of additional non-hemodynamic mechanisms of myocardial remodeling (MR) is evident.Objective. To investigate the associations between the MR physiological/histological characteristics and laboratory parameters of calcium-phosphate metabolism in the initial stages of experimental CKD. Design and methods. Four groups of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were studied (n = 35): 3/4 nephrectomized rats (Nx) one month exposed after surgery (Nx(1), n = 9), 5/6 Nx two months after surgery (Nx(2), n = 8), sham operated rats one month after surgery (SO(1), n = 9) and two months after surgery (SO(2), n = 9). Myocardial mass index (MMI), systolic blood pressure (BP), proteinuria, creatinine (Cr) concentration, total calcium (Ca) and inorganic phosphate (Pi), 25-OH vitamin D (25OHD) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in serum, myocardial morphology were studied in all experimental animals.Results. The models corresponded to the 1–3 stages CKD. There were no significant changes in serum total Ca (p = 0,066), Pi (p = 0,051) and PTH (p = 0,015) concentrations, the level of 25OHD was significantly lower in Nx(2) rats vs control (p = 0,015). MMI increased in all nephrectomized rats (p = 0,008). The cardiomyocytes (CM) thickness increased in Nx(1) and Nx(2) animals compared to the corresponding controls (p = 0,010, p = 0,002). A significant increase in interstitial (IF) and perivascular (PF) fibrosis occurred in Nx(2) rats with more damaging influence (p = 0,017, p = 0,004). CM thickness, IF and PF increased with the elevation of BP (r = 0,39, p = 0,038, r = 0,47, p = 0,026, r = 0,49, p = 0,031) and serum Cr (r = 0,68, p = 0,001, r = 0,61, p = 0,003, r = 0,69, p = 0,001), and the decrease in serum 25OHD concentration (r = –0,045, p = 0,047, r = –0,50, p = 0,020, r = –0,52, p = 0,012). Multiple linear regression analysis showed, that 25OHD is an independent predictor of myocardial fibrosis (IF: β = –0,38 ± 0,18, p = 0,047, PF: β = –0,34 ± 0,15, p = 0,032).Conclusions. The initial stages of CKD accompanied with HTN are associated with serum 25OHD concentration decrease CM hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis. The CM growth is an earlier event in relation to the interstitial fibrosis. The obtained data suggest a possible role of vitamin D deficiency in the development of myocardial fibrotic lesions.

Changes of Serum Cardiac Troponin I in Exercise Stress Test and After Exercise

“…Most of the literature on exercise and cTn I published before the turn of the century measured cTn I after exercise in participants in endurance sports such as long periods of strenuousness, such as triathlons, ultra-long marathons, and road cycling. 2,3…”