Vitamin D and COVID-19: An Overview of Recent Evidence

Ghelani, Drishti; Alesi, Simon; Mousa, Aya

doi:10.3390/ijms221910559

Cited by 47 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 168 publications

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“…In addition, low levels of Vitamin D are associated with Se deficiency and are related to COVID-19 severity, old age, obesity, diabetes and dyslipidemia. However, in COVID-19 patients without comorbidities, there is also a decrease in Vitamin D and Se in comparison with the healthy subjects [68]. The participation of Se is also important in COVID-19 because it has synergic effects with Vitamin D and E acting as antioxidants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, levels of Vitamin D are low in diseases that course with hyperinsulinemia such as COVID-19 and in the pathologies that comprise the MS [67,68]. Vitamin D exerts its effects by binding to a nuclear Vitamin D receptor, which is expressed in various immune cells, with particularly high levels in dendritic cells, macrophages, T and B lymphocytes that are increased when the innate immune response is elicited [69].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hyperglycemia and Loss of Redox Homeostasis in COVID-19 Patients

Soto

Guarner-Lans

Díaz-Díaz

et al. 2022

Cells

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The infection with SARS-CoV-2 impairs the glucose–insulin axis and this contributes to oxidative (OS) and nitrosative (NSS) stress. Here, we evaluated changes in glucose metabolism that could promote the loss of redox homeostasis in COVID-19 patients. This was comparative cohort and analytical study that compared COVID-19 patients and healthy subjects. The study population consisted of 61 COVID-19 patients with and without comorbidities and 25 healthy subjects (HS). In all subjects the plasma glucose, insulin, 8-isoprostane, Vitamin D, H2S and 3-nitrotyrosine were determined by ELISA. The nitrites (NO2−), lipid-peroxidation (LPO), total-antioxidant-capacity (TAC), thiols, glutathione (GSH) and selenium (Se) were determined by spectrophotometry. The glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR (p < 0.001), 8-isoprostanes, 3-nitrotyrosine (p < 0.001) and LPO were increased (p = 0.02) while Vitamin D (p = 0.01), H2S, thiols, TAC, GSH and Se (p < 0.001) decreased in COVID-19 patients in comparison to HS. The SARS-CoV-2 infection resulted in alterations in the glucose–insulin axis that led to hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and IR in patients with and without comorbidities. These alterations increase OS and NSS reflected in increases or decreases in some oxidative markers in plasma with major impact or fatal consequences in patients that course with metabolic syndrome. Moreover, subjects without comorbidities could have long-term alterations in the redox homeostasis after infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyperglycemia and Loss of Redox Homeostasis in COVID-19 Patients

Soto

Guarner-Lans

Díaz-Díaz

et al. 2022

Cells

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“…Moreover, in that study vitamin D treatment started around the 11th day of symptoms. Thus, we cannot exclude that the treatment has been started too late for vitamin D to be effective (after patients have developed severe COVID-19), since the primary effects of vitamin D on SARS-CoV-2 infection are to reduce the viability of the virus through inducing cathelicidin and reducing the risk of the cytokine and chemokine storm ( 104 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D Status and SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Clinical Outcomes

Chiodini

Gatti

Soranna

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

129

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Background: Several studies suggest an association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and the outcomes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona-Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, in particular Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) related severity and mortality. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to investigate whether vitamin D status is associated with the COVID-19 severity, defined as ARDS requiring admission to intensive care unit (ICU) or mortality (primary endpoints) and with the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19-related hospitalization (secondary endpoints).Methods: A search in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, and preprints repositories was performed until March 31th 2021 to identify all original observational studies reporting association measures, or enough data to calculate them, between Vitamin D status (insufficiency <75, deficiency <50, or severe deficiency <25 nmol/L) and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 hospitalization, ICU admission, or death during COVID-19 hospitalization.Findings: Fifty-four studies (49 as fully-printed and 5 as pre-print publications) were included for a total of 1,403,715 individuals. The association between vitamin D status and SARS-CoV2 infection, COVID-19 related hospitalization, COVID-19 related ICU admission, and COVID-19 related mortality was reported in 17, 9, 27, and 35 studies, respectively. Severe deficiency, deficiency and insufficiency of vitamin D were all associated with ICU admission (odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence intervals [95%CIs]: 2.63, 1.45–4.77; 2.16, 1.43–3.26; 2.83, 1.74–4.61, respectively), mortality (OR, 95%CIs: 2.60, 1.93–3.49; 1.84, 1.26–2.69; 4.15, 1.76–9.77, respectively), SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR, 95%CIs: 1.68, 1.32–2.13; 1.83, 1.43–2.33; 1.49, 1.16–1.91, respectively) and COVID-19 hospitalization (OR, 95%CIs 2.51, 1.63–3.85; 2.38, 1.56–3.63; 1.82, 1.43–2.33). Considering specific subgroups (i.e., Caucasian patients, high quality studies, and studies reporting adjusted association estimates) the results of primary endpoints did not change.Interpretations: Patients with low vitamin D levels present an increased risk of ARDS requiring admission to intensive care unit (ICU) or mortality due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and a higher susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and related hospitalization.

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“…The GERIA-COVID trial, which focused on elderly patients, tested vitamin D supplementation before or during disease and reported that the 3-month death rate of patients was reduced and survival length was prolonged [ 32 ]. Overall, it is currently believed that an adequate supply of vitamin D during the current pandemic will support the immune system and improve overall survival in COVID-19, while vitamin D deficiency would be an unnecessary and avoidable risk factor [ 33 , 34 , 35 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between Vitamin D Status and Antibody Response to COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination in Healthy Adults

et al. 2021

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The immune response to vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 vaccines varies greatly from person to person. In addition to age, there is evidence that certain micronutrients influence the immune system, particularly vitamin D. Here, we analysed SARS-CoV-2 IgG and neutralisation potency along with 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol [25(OH)D] concentrations in a cohort of healthy German adults from the time of vaccination over 24 weeks. Contrary to our expectations, no significant differences were found in the dynamic increase or decrease of SARS-CoV-2 IgG as a function of the 25(OH)D status. Furthermore, the response to the first or second vaccination, the maximum SARS-CoV-2 IgG concentrations achieved, and the decline in SARS-CoV-2 IgG concentrations over time were not related to 25(OH)D status. We conclude that the vaccination response, measured as SARS-CoV-2 IgG concentration, does not depend on 25(OH)D status in healthy adults with moderate vitamin D status.

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Vitamin D and COVID-19: An Overview of Recent Evidence

Cited by 47 publications

References 168 publications

Hyperglycemia and Loss of Redox Homeostasis in COVID-19 Patients

Hyperglycemia and Loss of Redox Homeostasis in COVID-19 Patients

Vitamin D Status and SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Clinical Outcomes

Relationship between Vitamin D Status and Antibody Response to COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination in Healthy Adults

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