2014
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2014.05.005
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Vitamin D and Calcium Abnormalities in the HIV-Infected Population

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Cited by 14 publications
(12 citation statements)
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References 186 publications
(178 reference statements)
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“…However, we aimed to draw attention to the mean age of the patients in the study population (34 years) as well as the absence of exposure to ART. Dark pigmentation of the skin, obesity, low sun exposure, low intake of vitamin D, injecting drug use, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, kidney disease, liver disease, and intestinal malabsorption 15 are the traditional risk factors of low vitamin D levels; in addition HIV infection may reduce vitamin D levels by inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α which inhibits renal hydroxylation, as well as the decrease in serum levels due to the association of the activity of macrophages and lymphocytes and the progression of infection 14 . We should also mention the change in the reference value of 25-OH D3 serum levels: classification of insufficient vitamin D levels is considered absent, omitting risk values.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…However, we aimed to draw attention to the mean age of the patients in the study population (34 years) as well as the absence of exposure to ART. Dark pigmentation of the skin, obesity, low sun exposure, low intake of vitamin D, injecting drug use, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, kidney disease, liver disease, and intestinal malabsorption 15 are the traditional risk factors of low vitamin D levels; in addition HIV infection may reduce vitamin D levels by inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α which inhibits renal hydroxylation, as well as the decrease in serum levels due to the association of the activity of macrophages and lymphocytes and the progression of infection 14 . We should also mention the change in the reference value of 25-OH D3 serum levels: classification of insufficient vitamin D levels is considered absent, omitting risk values.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The level of 25-OH D3 was measured by the chemiluminescence method using a commercial 25-OH D3 kit and automatic analyzer (Cobas 6000, model E601, Roche Diagnostics © Risch-Rotkreuz, Suíça). The cutoff levels for vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency were 21-29ng/ml and ≤20ng/ml, respectively 14,15 . PTH levels were evaluated using the Human Bone Metabolism Kit (Merck Millipore © , Brazil).…”
Section: Ethical Considerationsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey estimated the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency as 79% among adults [4]. In India, prevalence of severe Vitamin D Deficiency was 27% among adolescent males and 42% among females [5].…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Therefore, EFV associated vitamin D deficiency may have potential adverse effects on bone health. [21][22][23][24] The growing number of HIV infected pregnant and lactating women on TDF/EFV containing regimens for PMTCT has the potential to have a negative impact on bone health of their infants and young children. Consequently, failure to achieve adequate bone mass during early infancy may predispose these infants to increased risk of childhood fractures and osteoporosis in adulthood.…”
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confidence: 99%