Vitamin D and autism: Clinical review

Kočovská, Eva; Fernell, Elisabeth; Billstedt, Eva; Minnis, Helen; Gillberg, Christopher

doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.02.015

Cited by 140 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…4 Most studies examined outcomes in adolescent cohorts, there were few studies on primary school aged children and only a single study involving preschool children, which is concerning given the importance of early identification for effective intervention. 43 Notably, no studies reported the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder, despite higher rates in other immigrant populations [44][45][46][47] and a postulated association with low vitamin D levels, 48 which is well described in resettled refugee populations. 49 Similarly, there were no studies on language impairment, dyscalculia, or dyslexia, and only 1 study examined any contribution from sensory impairment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Learning Problems in Children of Refugee Background: A Systematic Review

2016

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CONTEXT: Learning problems are common, affecting up to 1 in 10 children. Refugee children may have cumulative risk for educational disadvantage, but there is limited information on learning in this population. OBJECTIVE:To review the evidence on educational outcomes and learning problems in refugee children and to describe their major risk and resource factors. RESULTS:Thirty-four studies were included. Refugee youth had similar secondary school outcomes to their native-born peers; there were no data on preschool or primary school outcomes. There were limited prevalence data on learning problems, with single studies informing most estimates and no studies examining specific language disorders or autism spectrum disorders. Major risk factors for learning problems included parental misunderstandings about educational styles and expectations, teacher stereotyping and low expectations, bullying and racial discrimination, premigration and postmigration trauma, and forced detention. Major resource factors for success included high academic and life ambition, "gift-and-sacrifice" motivational narratives, parental involvement in education, family cohesion and supportive home environment, accurate educational assessment and grade placement, teacher understanding of linguistic and cultural heritage, culturally appropriate school transition, supportive peer relationships, and successful acculturation. LIMITATIONS:Studies are not generalizable to other cohorts. CONCLUSIONS:This review provides a summary of published prevalence estimates for learning problems in resettled refugee children, highlights key risk and resource factors, and identifies gaps in research.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Learning Problems in Children of Refugee Background: A Systematic Review

2016

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“…[45][46][47] Maternal life event stress and psychiatric disorders, possibly related to experiences of escaping wars and disasters, as well as nutritional deficiencies from famine, may be possible explanations for the increased risks observed in Central American, Vietnamese, and some African immigrant groups, [48][49][50][51][52][53] and are considered risk factors for lowfunctioning autism in offspring. 54,55 Dietary factors such as folic acid and vitamin D deficiencies, common among US black and Hispanic women 56,57 and in women from Vietnam and the Philippines, 58,59 could explain some of the increased risk of AD and AD-MR. [60][61][62][63] In comparison, folic acid [1995][1996][1997][1998][1999][2000][2001][2002][2003][2004][2005][2006], gestational age (,37 weeks or $37 weeks), birth weight (,2500, 2500-4500, or .4500 g), trimester start of prenatal care (no care, first, second, or third trimester), and any pregnancy complication (hypertension, renal, lung, or cardiac disease, asthma, pyelonephritis, diabetes, gestational diabetes, Rh sensitivity, hemoglobinopathy, uterine bleeding, hydramnios, incomplete cervix, sexually transmitted diseases, hepatitis B, rubella, other infections, prenatal tobacco use, and large fibroids). b Additionally adjusted for maternal education (less than high school, high school, more than high school) and insurance type (Medi-Cal, private insurance, other).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autism Spectrum Disorders and Race, Ethnicity, and Nativity: A Population-Based Study

Becerra¹,

Ehrenstein

Heck³

et al. 2014

Pediatrics

149

104

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OBJECTIVE: Our understanding of the influence of maternal race/ethnicity and nativity and childhood autistic disorder (AD) in African Americans/blacks, Asians, and Hispanics in the United States is limited. Phenotypic differences in the presentation of childhood AD in minority groups may indicate etiologic heterogeneity or different thresholds for diagnosis. We investigated whether the risk of developing AD and AD phenotypes differed according to maternal race/ethnicity and nativity. METHODS: Children born in Los Angeles County with a primary AD diagnosis at ages 3 to 5 years during 1998–2009 were identified and linked to 1995–2006 California birth certificates (7540 children with AD from a cohort of 1 626 354 births). We identified a subgroup of children with AD and a secondary diagnosis of mental retardation and investigated heterogeneity in language and behavior. RESULTS: We found increased risks of being diagnosed with AD overall and specifically with comorbid mental retardation in children of foreign-born mothers who were black, Central/South American, Filipino, and Vietnamese, as well as among US-born Hispanic and African American/black mothers, compared with US-born whites. Children of US African American/black and foreign-born black, foreign-born Central/South American, and US-born Hispanic mothers were at higher risk of exhibiting an AD phenotype with both severe emotional outbursts and impaired expressive language than children of US-born whites. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal race/ethnicity and nativity are associated with offspring’s AD diagnosis and severity. Future studies need to examine factors related to nativity and migration that may play a role in the etiology as well as identification and diagnosis of AD in children.

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“…Furthermore, a systematic review concluded that there was inadequate support for an association, and that more population-based longitudinal studies are needed, given the plausible biological evidence. 230 …”

Section: Nutritional Dimensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental factors associated with autism spectrum disorder: a scoping review for the years 2003–2013

Montigny

Ofner

et al. 2017

Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can

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Introduction: The number of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been rapidly rising in the past decade. The etiology of this disorder, however, is largely unknown, although the environmental relative to the genetic contribution is substantial. We conducted a scoping review to comprehensively assess the current state of knowledge of the environmental factors present from preconception to early life associated with ASD, and to identify research gaps.

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Vitamin D and autism: Clinical review

Cited by 140 publications

References 69 publications

Learning Problems in Children of Refugee Background: A Systematic Review

Learning Problems in Children of Refugee Background: A Systematic Review

Autism Spectrum Disorders and Race, Ethnicity, and Nativity: A Population-Based Study

Environmental factors associated with autism spectrum disorder: a scoping review for the years 2003–2013

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