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The defect passivation and interface energetics‐modification between perovskite and transport layers are significant for the further improvement of efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, a double‐layer modification engineering strategy is employed by different functionalized natural vitamins into the electron transport layer and perovskite, respectively. Considering the different role of each functional layer in PSCs, the vitamin C (VC) with high conductivity is introduced into SnO2, showing electron mobility enhancement, an interface energy‐levels offsets reduction, and enhanced interfacial charge transfer. Meanwhile, antioxidant vitamin D2 (VD2) with multiple passivating functional groups is introduced into the perovskite bulk to moderately tailor its intrinsic characteristics. The surface energetics of perovskite are changed from n‐type to p‐type, the thickness of the p‐type perovskite is 80 nm, thus the spontaneous n–p homojunction is formed in perovskite caused by VD2, which increases the built‐in electric field and the efficiency of perovskite hole extraction. The synergistic effect of VC and VD2 better heightens the charge extraction efficiency and achieves charge‐carrier transport balance in PSCs. The optimum device achieves a power conversion efficiency of 24.20% and a fill factor of 81.01% with negligible hysteresis. This efficiency is among the best PSCs employing natural molecules reported so far.
The defect passivation and interface energetics‐modification between perovskite and transport layers are significant for the further improvement of efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, a double‐layer modification engineering strategy is employed by different functionalized natural vitamins into the electron transport layer and perovskite, respectively. Considering the different role of each functional layer in PSCs, the vitamin C (VC) with high conductivity is introduced into SnO2, showing electron mobility enhancement, an interface energy‐levels offsets reduction, and enhanced interfacial charge transfer. Meanwhile, antioxidant vitamin D2 (VD2) with multiple passivating functional groups is introduced into the perovskite bulk to moderately tailor its intrinsic characteristics. The surface energetics of perovskite are changed from n‐type to p‐type, the thickness of the p‐type perovskite is 80 nm, thus the spontaneous n–p homojunction is formed in perovskite caused by VD2, which increases the built‐in electric field and the efficiency of perovskite hole extraction. The synergistic effect of VC and VD2 better heightens the charge extraction efficiency and achieves charge‐carrier transport balance in PSCs. The optimum device achieves a power conversion efficiency of 24.20% and a fill factor of 81.01% with negligible hysteresis. This efficiency is among the best PSCs employing natural molecules reported so far.
This study investigated effects of dietary supplementation with vitamin C, vitamin E on performance, biochemical parameters, and oxidative stress induced by copper toxicity in broilers. A total of 240, 1-day-old, broilers were assigned to eight groups with three replicates of 10 chicks each. The groups were fed on the following diets: control (basal diet), vitamin C (250 mg/kg diet), vitamin E (250 mg/kg diet), vitamin C + vitamin E (250 mg/kg + 250 mg/kg diet), and copper (300 mg/kg diet) alone or in combination with the corresponding vitamins. At the 6th week, the body weights of broilers were decreased in copper, copper + vitamin E, and copper + vitamin C + vitamin E groups compared to control. The feed conversion ratio was poor in copper group. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase activities, iron, copper concentrations, and erythrocyte malondialdehyde were increased; plasma vitamin A and C concentrations and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase were decreased in copper group compared to control. Glutathione peroxidase, vitamin C, and iron levels were increased; aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and copper levels were decreased in copper + vitamin C group, while superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and vitamin E concentrations were increased; aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase were decreased in copper with vitamin E group compared to copper group. The vitamin C concentrations were increased; copper, uric acid, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and malondialdehyde were decreased in copper + vitamin C + vitamin E group compared to copper group. To conclude, copper caused oxidative stress in broilers. The combination of vitamin C and vitamin E addition might alleviate the harmful effects of copper as demonstrated by decreased lipid peroxidation and hepatic enzymes.
Water restriction in small ruminants is usually accompanied by a drop in feed intake, body weight, and disturbances in the normal internal milieu. However, attempts to lessen the burden of water stress with vitamin C (VC) supplementation have been greeted with conflicting reports. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of single and/or multiple VC supplementations in water-restricted Xhosa goats by evaluating their performance, heat tolerance, and blood metabolites. In total, 42 does, 12 mo old and with an average weight of 15.92 ± 2.12 kg were evaluated for 75 d. The does were distributed according to a complete randomized design into seven groups of six comparable animals: W0, without water restriction (control); W70, water restriction of 70% of ad libitum water intake (WI); W50, water restriction of 50% ad libitum WI; W70+, water restriction of 70% of ad libitum WI plus 3 g VC daily; W50+, water restriction 50% of ad libitum WI plus 3 g VC daily; W70++, water restriction of 70% of ad libitum WI plus 3 g VC and extra 5 g VC given every eighth day; and W50++, water restriction of 50% of ad libitum WI plus 3 g VC and extra 5 g VC given every eighth day. Goats under the W50 group were the most affected (P < 0.05) and the effect was more pronounced in their body condition scores (BCs). Weight loss due to water restriction was reduced by VC supplementation in treated groups. Changes in body thermal gradient, rectal temperature, cholesterol, and bilirubin were similar (P > 0.05) across the various experimental groups. The attenuation effect of VC was significant (P < 0.05) in responses to respiratory rate, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Cl−, Ca2+, and urea. Supplementation of VC (either single or multiple) did not significantly (P > 0.05) improve the effect of water restriction on BCs, FAMACHA, glucose, globulin, alanine aminotransferase, and high-density lipoprotein. The additive effect of multiple VC significantly influenced (P < 0.05) Na+ and Mg2+. Limited WI affects growth and other physiological parameters in Xhosa goats. However, supplementation of VC may be beneficial at modulating the stressful stimuli imposed by water stress.
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