Vitamin B12—Multifaceted In Vivo Functions and In Vitro Applications

Abstract

Vitamin B12 plays a key role in DNA stability. Research indicates that vitamin B12 deficiency leads to indirect DNA damage, and vitamin B12 supplementation may reverse this effect. Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor for enzymes such as methionine synthase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, which are involved in DNA methylation and nucleotide synthesis. These processes are essential for DNA replication and transcription, and any impairment can result in genetic instability. In addition, vitamin B12 has antioxidant properties that help protect DNA from damage caused by reactive oxygen species. This protection is achieved by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. In addition to their protective functions, cobalamins can also generate DNA-damaging radicals in vitro that can be useful in scientific research. Research is also being conducted on the use of vitamin B12 in medicine as vectors for xenobiotics. In summary, vitamin B12 is an essential micronutrient that plays a vital role in DNA stability. It acts as a cofactor for enzymes involved in the synthesis of nucleotides, has antioxidant properties and has potential value as a generator of DNA-damaging radicals and drug transporters.

Non-indicated vitamin B12- and D-testing among Dutch hospital clinicians: a cross-sectional analysis in data registries

“…These difficulties are magnified by the large knowledge gaps regarding the exact roles of vitamin B 12 and D within the human body and its metabolism. [34][35][36][37] The combination of these factors may provide an explanation for the high proportion of non-indicated testing. Hence, due to the lack of a clear understanding of the roles of vitamin B 12 and D within the…”

Vitamin Nutritional Status in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer: A Narrative Review

“…Vitamin B12 serves as a cofactor for folate-dependent methionine synthesis, thus playing an essential role in folate metabolism. Besides acting as a coenzyme in the synthesis of nucleic acids, it is involved in the formation of red blood cells and myelin [37]. The main food sources of this vitamin (also known as cobalamin) are those of animal origin, while plant foods (except for some seaweeds) are almost completely devoid of it.…”

Immunomodulation through Nutrition Should Be a Key Trend in Type 2 Diabetes Treatment

“…Vitamin B12 is essential for cell function due to its key role in DNA stability. Vitamin B12 deficiency has been proven to lead to indirect DNA damage, and vitamin B12 supplementation can reverse this effect [216]. It also plays a fundamental role in the functioning of the central nervous system at all ages.…”

“…Moreover, vitamin B12 has antioxidant properties, which prevent damage caused by reactive oxygen species. DNA protection against reactive oxygen species is based on the removal of free radicals and the reduction in oxidative stress [216]. The impact of vitamin B12 on the immune system involves preserving the equilibrium between CD8+ and CD4+ T cells [189].…”