Vital Conditions to Remove Pollutants from Synthetic Wastewater Using Malaysian Ganoderma lucidum

Abstract

Mycoremediation, a fungal-based technology, has seen tremendous growth as an effective alternative to treat industrial wastewater due to its ability to oxidise pollutant loadings. Considering the non-toxic properties and high potential degradation performance of Ganoderma lucidum, this research aims to study the performance of a Malaysian G. lucidum strain, the effect of agitation speed, and different carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio concentrations of synthetic wastewater in degrading chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia. Different agitation speeds (25 rpm, 50 rpm and 100 rpm) and C/N ratios (C10N1, C13.3N1 and C16.7N1) were chosen as parameters to be analysed in this study. The best degradation of COD and ammonia with a percentage removal in the range of 95% to 100% within 30 h of treatment. ANOVA analysis was done using the response surface methodology to verify the obtained results, and it was found that mycoremediation using 100 rpm agitation provided the best results, removing more than 95% of COD and ammonia from synthetic wastewater. The microscopic analysis also showed that the structure of G. lucidum changed after wastewater treatment. This result proved that the Malaysian G. lucidum strain has a good potential in treating synthetic domestic wastewater, especially with high organic content, as a naturally sustainable bioremediation system.

Water Quality Assessment and Decolourisation of Contaminated Ex-Mining Lake Water Using Bioreactor Dye-Eating Fungus (BioDeF) System: A Real Case Study

“…Some of the applications of fungal pellets are wastewater treatment and animal feed as shown in Figure 5. In view of wastewater treatment, fungal pellets have received attention from researchers and have been reported to be used in reducing organic and nutrient content in domestic wastewater [59,60], removing pharmaceutical products from wastewater [18,61], and pesticides [53]. Fungi can operate in a wide range of temperatures and pH values; however, the most favourable pH condition in water treatment technologies in some species of fungi is in the range of 3 to 6 [62,63] and the most favourable temperature for optimal fungal function is between 23 and 37 • C. Fungi also have antibacterial properties as they can kill bacteria in a radius of 12-21 mm, which is equivalent to the common antibiotic disc [64].…”

A Feature Selection Method Based on Relief Feature Ranking with Recursive Feature Elimination for the Inversion of Urban River Water Quality Parameters Using Multispectral Imagery from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

“…On the day of sampling, the actual water depth measured was 2.70 m. The river channel is narrow, with a width ranging from 3 m to 10 m and no upstream inflow as supplementation. Due to the addition of sewage or treated effluent to the river, its ecological improvement faces significant challenges [31]. Currently, the water quality of the Zao River remains unstable (Xi'an Municipal Ecology and Environment Bureau, 2021).…”

Morphological diversity of Ganoderma species and its host trees in Mezam Division, Northwest Region, Cameroon

“…Symptoms of basal stem rot disease occurred in various hosts, including Persea americana (avocado), Albizia adianthifolia, Mangifera indica (mango), Cola acuminata, Elaeis guineensis (oil palm), Maesopsis eminii, Ficus sp., and unidentified hardwoods. Numerous studies worldwide investigate basal stem rot disease affecting oil palms caused by various species of Ganoderma, such as in Malaysia (Lau et al 2022;Mooralitharan et al 2023), Indonesia (Rahayu et al 2021;Edy et al 2022), Papua New Guinea (Gorea et al 2020;Wong et al 2022), andCameroon (Kinge et al 2015;. A recent survey by Edy et al (2022) highlighted the ability of these Ganoderma species (G. lucidum, G. austral and G. resinaceum) to survive on different hosts, including living and dead trees.…”