Visuomotor errors drive step length and step time adaptation during ‘virtual’ split-belt walking: the effects of reinforcement feedback

Sato, Sumire; Cui, Ashley; Choi, Jaehyun

doi:10.1007/s00221-021-06275-6

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…By providing visual feedback of the errors, it simultaneously enhances voluntary correction and unconscious visuomotor remapping, resulting in increased adaptive behavior in response to a visual perturbation ( Torres-Oviedo and Bastian, 2010 ; Roemmich et al, 2016 ; Statton et al, 2016 ). Sato et al (2022) observed increased error with reward feedback during virtual split-belt walking in comparison to punishment and a no feedback group ( Sato et al, 2022 ). Our findings partially agree with this study, in that reward feedback slows adaptation compared to supervised feedback.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Participants were classified as right-handed using the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI) (>50 = right-handed, mean handedness score ± SD: 94.74 ± 10.40) and were free of major physiological (musculoskeletal, neurological, cardiovascular) and psychological (drug abuse, depression, generalized anxiety) disorders. The derived sample size is based on an a priori power calculation conducted in G*power 3.1.9.4 software using the effect size of a previous study investigating behavioral effects of reinforcement feedback on task error during walking ( Sato et al, 2022 ). From this study, we calculated an effect size (Cohen’s f ) of 0.47 and using α = 0.05 and β = 0.8.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Leg length was determined as the distance from the greater trochanter to the lateral malleolus for each leg, and then averaged across both limbs. This method of calculating treadmill speed accounts for different heights among individuals and has been used in other studies using a similar population as in this study ( Choi et al, 2016 ; Sato et al, 2022 ). The calculated speed of the treadmill was held constant throughout the experiment.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous investigations have leveraged reinforcement feedback during locomotor adaptation paradigms ( Hasson et al, 2015 ; Sato et al, 2022 ). These studies have found contrasting results to those provided during upper extremity reaching tasks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, categorical reinforcement during a gait adaptation task did not provide any added benefit to adaptation or immediate retention ( Hasson et al, 2015 ). Others have noted punishment can enhance locomotor savings and reward lowers adaptation rates compared to neutral visual feedback ( Sato et al, 2022 ). These findings are unlike those found in the upper extremity and may suggest different neural pathways for the promotion of adaptation and retention between upper and lower extremities adaptation tasks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reinforcement feedback impairs locomotor adaptation and retention

Hill,

Sebastião,

Barzi

et al. 2024

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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IntroductionLocomotor adaptation is a motor learning process used to alter spatiotemporal elements of walking that are driven by prediction errors, a discrepancy between the expected and actual outcomes of our actions. Sensory and reward prediction errors are two different types of prediction errors that can facilitate locomotor adaptation. Reward and punishment feedback generate reward prediction errors but have demonstrated mixed effects on upper extremity motor learning, with punishment enhancing adaptation, and reward supporting motor memory. However, an in-depth behavioral analysis of these distinct forms of feedback is sparse in locomotor tasks.MethodsFor this study, three groups of healthy young adults were divided into distinct feedback groups [Supervised, Reward, Punishment] and performed a novel locomotor adaptation task where each participant adapted their knee flexion to 30 degrees greater than baseline, guided by visual supervised or reinforcement feedback (Adaptation). Participants were then asked to recall the new walking pattern without feedback (Retention) and after a washout period with feedback restored (Savings).ResultsWe found that all groups learned the adaptation task with external feedback. However, contrary to our initial hypothesis, enhancing sensory feedback with a visual representation of the knee angle (Supervised) accelerated the rate of learning and short-term retention in comparison to monetary reinforcement feedback. Reward and Punishment displayed similar rates of adaptation, short-term retention, and savings, suggesting both types of reinforcement feedback work similarly in locomotor adaptation. Moreover, all feedback enhanced the aftereffect of locomotor task indicating changes to implicit learning.DiscussionThese results demonstrate the multi-faceted nature of reinforcement feedback on locomotor adaptation and demonstrate the possible different neural substrates that underly reward and sensory prediction errors during different motor tasks.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reinforcement feedback impairs locomotor adaptation and retention

Hill,

Sebastião,

Barzi

et al. 2024

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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The effects of auditory consequences on visuomotor adaptation and motor memory

Malagón,

Marigold

2024

Exp Brain Res

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Sleep benefits perceptual but not movement-based learning of locomotor sequences

Borin,

Sato,

Spencer

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Practicing complex locomotor skills, such as those involving a step sequence engages distinct perceptual and motor mechanisms that support the recall of learning under new conditions (i.e., skill transfer). While sleep has been shown to enhance learning of sequences of fine movements (i.e., sleep-dependent consolidation), here we examined whether this benefit extends to learning of a locomotor pattern. Specifically, we tested the perceptual and motor learning of a locomotor sequence following sleep compared to wake. We hypothesized that post-practice sleep would increase locomotor sequence learning in the perceptual, but not in the motor domain. In this study, healthy young adult participants (n = 48; 18–33 years) practiced a step length sequence on a treadmill cued by visual stimuli displayed on a screen during training. Participants were then tested in a perceptual condition (backward walking with the same visual stimuli), or a motor condition (forward walking but with an inverted screen). Skill was assessed immediately, and again after a 12-h delay following overnight sleep or daytime wake (n = 12 for each interval/condition). Off-line learning improved following sleep compared to wake, but only for the perceptual condition. Our results suggest that perceptual and motor sequence learning are processed separately after locomotor training, and further points to a benefit of sleep that is rooted in the perceptual as opposed to the motor aspects of motor learning.

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Visuomotor errors drive step length and step time adaptation during ‘virtual’ split-belt walking: the effects of reinforcement feedback

Cited by 7 publications

References 59 publications

Reinforcement feedback impairs locomotor adaptation and retention

Reinforcement feedback impairs locomotor adaptation and retention

The effects of auditory consequences on visuomotor adaptation and motor memory

Sleep benefits perceptual but not movement-based learning of locomotor sequences

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