Visually lossless compression of breast biopsy virtual slides for telepathology

Johnson, Jeffrey P.; Krupiński, Elizabeth A.; Nafziger, John S.; Yan, Michelle; Roehrig, Hans

doi:10.1117/12.813786

Cited by 9 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…In a previous study [1], bit rates corresponding to visually lossless JPEG2000 compression were measured with human observers for image regions selected from pathology virtual slides. Observer performance in 2AFC (alternative forced choice) trials showed that compression ratios of about 7:1 or four times the reversible compression ratio could be achieved before losses were detectable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using a Visual Discrimination Model for the Detection of Compression Artifacts in Virtual Pathology Images

Johnson

Krupiński

Yan

et al. 2011

IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging

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A major issue in telepathology is the extremely large and growing size of digitized “virtual” slides, which can require several gigabytes of storage and cause significant delays in data transmission for remote image interpretation and interactive visualization by pathologists. Compression can reduce this massive amount of virtual slide data, but reversible (lossless) methods limit data reduction to less than 50%, while lossy compression can degrade image quality and diagnostic accuracy. “Visually lossless” compression offers the potential for using higher compression levels without noticeable artifacts, but requires a rate-control strategy that adapts to image content and loss visibility. We investigated the utility of a visual discrimination model (VDM) and other distortion metrics for predicting JPEG 2000 bit rates corresponding to visually lossless compression of virtual slides for breast biopsy specimens. Threshold bit rates were determined experimentally with human observers for a variety of tissue regions cropped from virtual slides. For test images compressed to their visually lossless thresholds, just-noticeable difference (JND) metrics computed by the VDM were nearly constant at the 95th percentile level or higher, and were significantly less variable than peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity (SSIM) metrics. Our results suggest that VDM metrics could be used to guide the compression of virtual slides to achieve visually lossless compression while providing 5–12 times the data reduction of reversible methods.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using a Visual Discrimination Model for the Detection of Compression Artifacts in Virtual Pathology Images

Johnson

Krupiński

Yan

et al. 2011

IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging

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“…For instance, using a two alternative forced choice (2AFC) test, Johnson et al 11 demonstrated that pathologists are sensitive to even minute differences between images when they are presented on the screen together, and that the threshold of detection corresponded to JP2 compression ratios as low as 7. 17 In comparison, in this study, JP2 at the highest quality setting tested produced compression ratios of 50-130, suggesting that the use of standard WSI scanner settings may potentially introduce visually discriminable compression artifacts. However, it should be noted that the carefully controlled 2AFC test employed by Johnson et al introduced significant artifice; pathologists are rarely faced with the task of comparing nearly identical images side-by-side in a controlled setting with the intent to determine whether differences exist.…”

Section: Perceptual Impact Of Compressionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Video compression to support the expansion of whole-slide imaging into cytology

Zarella

Jakubowski

2019

J. Med. Imag.

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Digital screening and diagnosis from cytology slides can be aided by capturing multiple focal planes. However, using conventional methods, the large file sizes of high-resolution whole-slide images increase linearly with the number of focal planes acquired, leading to significant data storage and bandwidth requirements for the efficient storage and transfer of cytology virtual slides. We investigated whether a sequence of focal planes contained sufficient redundancy to efficiently compress virtual slides across focal planes by applying a commonly available video compression standard, high-efficiency video coding (HEVC). By developing an adaptive algorithm that applied compression to achieve a target image quality, we found that the compression ratio of HEVC exceeded that obtained using JPEG and JPEG2000 compression while maintaining a comparable level of image quality. These results suggest an alternative method for the efficient storage and transfer of whole-slide images that contain multiple focal planes, expanding the utility of this rapidly evolving imaging technology into cytology.

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“…19 The JND tools have been reported to be a better predictor of human observer performance than parameters such as peak signal-tonoise ratio or mean-squared error. 34,35 The JNDmetrix visual system model has predicted and correlated highly with radiologists' performance in using softcopy display monitors with different phosphors 13 and on-axis viewing liquid crystal display displays compared with CRT viewing. 14 It has also been used to optimize a mammography display.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%