Visualizing the lipid dynamics role in infrared neural stimulation using stimulated Raman scattering

Neuronal maturation-dependent nano–neuro interaction and modulation

“…Furthermore, we envisage that the ability to achieve precise and selective nano–neuro interaction could potentially alleviate the incessant bottleneck in the deployment of nanoprobes such as plasmonic NPs, upconversion nanoparticles, quantum dots, and nanodiamonds for both recording and manipulating complex neural circuits in vitro and in vivo . 63–67…”

“…Furthermore, we envisage that the ability to achieve precise and selective nano-neuro interaction could potentially alleviate the incessant bottleneck in the deployment of nanoprobes such as plasmonic NPs, upconversion nanoparticles, quantum dots, and nanodiamonds for both recording and manipulating complex neural circuits in vitro and in vivo. [63][64][65][66][67] Considering the critical role of nanoparticle surface charge in nano-neuro interaction, the heterogeneity observed in nano-neuromodulation, stemming from the heterogeneous binding of nanoparticles in a maturing neural network, possibly applies to a wide repertoire of nano-enabled neuromodulation modalities. Moving forward, we envision that a better understanding of the cell surface proteins responsible for the maturation-dependent electrostatic state of the neurons, possibly governing the maturation-dependent nano-neuro interactions presented here, could prove as an additional tool in the nanotechnology toolkit for the development of nextgeneration neuromodulation modalities with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution.…”

Infrared neuromodulation—a review

“…In response to IR light-induced temperature transients, changes in the lipid membrane axial and lateral dimensions (figure 3(b)), the surface charge density, and the hydrophobic core dielectric constant were proposed as major contributors to the observed membrane capacitance increase during INS [65,71]. This temperature-sensitive membrane capacitance increase involving lipid bilayer structural changes seems to be universal [29,65,72], which may help explain that INS could be achieved in diverse systems for varying IR light parameters, see table 1. However, the magnitude of the depolarizing currents generated by a membrane capacitance change can be relatively limited and may only be able to successfully stimulate the most excitable cells that are hovering around their firing threshold to generate APs.…”

Bidirectional modulation of evoked synaptic transmission by pulsed infrared light

“…Though multiple mechanisms underlying INM have been proposed, it is generally agreed that the biological responses in INM are mainly caused by the localized thermal transients generated via water and tissue absorption of pulsed IR light [16][17][18][19] . These IR light-induced thermal transients can alter cell membrane structures [20][21][22][23] , passive membrane properties 17,19,21,[23][24][25][26] , ion channel kinetics and activities [27][28][29][30] , and intracellular Ca 2+ concentrations [31][32][33][34] . These changes can in turn modulate neuronal and muscular activities.…”