Visualizing Fluid Flows With X-Rays

Heindel, Theodore J.; Jensen, T.; Gray, Joseph N.

doi:10.1115/fedsm2007-37023

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…X-radiography techniques has been developed to overcome the refractions issue in visual observation. Heindel et al (2007) developed an X-ray imaging method. Their experimental work characterized and measured various flow features in large vertical systems that had internal diameter of up to 32 cm and as high as 4 m. The X-ray radiography and stereography imaging have been provided by the facility to visualize and timeresolve 3D flow structure in multiphase and opaque fluid flows at up to 60 frames per second.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Flow Patterns in Vertical Upward Two-Phase Flow Channel via Void Fraction Profile

Zubir

Ramli

Zainon

2019

JAFM

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Two-phase flow happens widely in the industrial plants and certain equipment. This paper attempts to study the characteristics of two-phase flow in a vertical piping system. This was achieved by comparing the void fraction, in the working fluid, by employing Constant Electric Current Method (CECM) with the actual observation using high-speed camera. The experiment requires a complete set of two-phase flow system information and was conducted based on various flow conditions. In order to carry out this experiment, the two-phase flow loop was constructed using a specific experimental apparatus and components. The flow channels were constructed using three pipes with three different inner diameters of 21.0 mm, 47.0 mm and 95.0 mm. The flow direction was vertical upward co-current flow with liquid superficial velocity range of 0.025 m/s to 3.0 m/s and gas superficial velocity range of 0.025 m/s to 3.0 m/s, depending on the size of the pipe. The flow pattern investigation focuses on experimental work, which was based on systematic observation and measurements using a high-speed camera and some measuring apparatus. The void fraction measurement using the CECM sensor was integrated into twophase flow system with constant electric current running in the pipe and data acquisition system controlled virtually via LabVIEW software. Both result of the flow pattern and void fraction graph were then compared to determine the type of flow pattern from the void fraction graph. Information from the previous studies and experiments were collected and the assumption of any theoretical simplifications were used as a reference. According to the result, the flow pattern in pipe can be easily determined using CECM.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Flow Patterns in Vertical Upward Two-Phase Flow Channel via Void Fraction Profile

Zubir

Ramli

Zainon

2019

JAFM

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“…The X-ray flow visualization facility at Iowa State University has been described in detail elsewhere [25][26][27]; only a summaty is described here. The X-ray system consists of two LORAD LPX200 X-ray sources mounted at 90 degrees to each other as shown in Figure 1.…”

Section: Experimental Procedures X-ray Visualization System For Xptvmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing Tracer Particles for X-Ray Particle Tracking Velocimetry

Drake

Kenney

Morgan

et al. 2011

ASME-JSME-KSME 2011 Joint Fluids Engineering Conference: Volume 1, Symposia – Parts A, B, C, and D

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X-ray imaging, as a noninvasive flow visualization technique, has been shown to be a useful method for observing and characterizing multiphase flows. One type of X-ray flow visualization technique, called X-ray Particle Tracking Velocimetry (XPTV), tracks an X-ray attenuating particle in an opaque fluid flow. A significant challenge with XPTV is identifying tracer particles with the desired fluid flow characteristics (e.g., small and neutrally buoyant) but yet differentially attenuate X-rays, which is based primarily on density differences. This paper describes the manufacturing of XPTV tracer particles that satisfy specific particle characteristics including high X-ray attenuation, uniform shape, specified effective density, and desired diameter. An example use of these particles as an intruder particle in a fluidized bed (to simulate biomass injection) is then demonstrated using X-ray stereographic imaging to determine intruder particle position as a function of time in a three-dimensional opaque system. ABSTRACT X-ray imaging, as a noninvasive flow visualization technique, has been shown to be a useful method for observing and characterizing multiphase flows. One type of X-ray flow visualization technique, called X-ray Particle Tracking Velocimetry (XPTV), tracks an X-ray attenuating particle in an opaque fluid flow. A significant challenge with XPTV is identifying tracer particles with the desired fluid flow characteristics (e.g., small and neutrally buoyant) but yet differentially attenuate X-rays, which is based primarily on density differences. This paper describes the manufacturing of XPTV tracer particles that satisfy specific particle characteristics including high X-ray attenuation, uniform shape, specified effective density, and desired diameter. An example use of these particles as an intruder particle in a fluidized bed (to simulate biomass injection) is then demonstrated using Xray stereographic imaging to determine intruder particle position as a function of time in a three-dimensional opaque system.

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“…The software also applies a correction for the pincush!O~ distortion caused by the image intensifiers and tracks the location ° the particle as described in the next section. More details on the X-ray equipment, data acquisition, and image reconstruction can be found elsewhere [18][19][20].…”

Section: X-ray Imaging Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

X-Ray Particle Tracking of Dense Particle Motion in a Vibration-Excited Granular Bed

Morgan

Heindel

2010

Volume 7: Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer and Thermal Systems, Parts a and B

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The Brazil nut effect is a phenomenon in which large, dense objects migrate to the top of a bed of granular media when exposed to vibration. An example of this phenomenon is finding Brazil nuts on the top of a can of mixed nuts. The same phenomenon can be observed in almost any granular system, which includes numerous industrial processes. By understanding the Brazil nut effect, knowledge can be gained to create or prevent segregation within desired industrial processes. In this project, the Brazil nut problem is examined through the use of stereoscopic X-ray imaging. The stereoscopic images are analyzed with a particle tracking algorithm to quantify large particle motion in three dimensional space. Particle motion is quantified under a variety of operating conditions to both observe the particle motion and examine the accuracy of the particle tracking algorithm.Keywords granular fluid flow, visualization, x-ray particle tracking, Brazil nut effect ABSTRACTThe Brazi l nut effect is a phenomenon in which large, dense objects mi grate to the top of a bed of granular media when exposed to vibration . An example of this phenomenon is finding Brazil nuts on the top of a can of mixed nuts. The same phenomenon can be observed in almost any granular system, which includes numerous industri al processes. By understanding the Brazil nut effect, knowledge can be gained to create or prevent segregation within desired industrial processes.In this project, the Brazil nut problem is examined through the use of stereoscopic X-ray imaging. The stereoscopic images are analyzed with a particle tracking algorithm to quantify large particle motion in three dimensional space. Particle motion is quantified under a variety of operating conditions to both observe the particle motion and examine the accuracy of the particle tracking algorithm.

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Visualizing Fluid Flows With X-Rays

Cited by 12 publications

References 18 publications

Determination of Flow Patterns in Vertical Upward Two-Phase Flow Channel via Void Fraction Profile

Determination of Flow Patterns in Vertical Upward Two-Phase Flow Channel via Void Fraction Profile

Developing Tracer Particles for X-Ray Particle Tracking Velocimetry

X-Ray Particle Tracking of Dense Particle Motion in a Vibration-Excited Granular Bed

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