Visualizing COVID-19 Mortality Rates and African-American Populations in the USA and Pennsylvania

Anaele, Beverly; Doran, Cierrah; McIntire, Russell K.

doi:10.1007/s40615-020-00897-2

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The race distribution between infected and vaccinated groups in the February cohort revealed similar percentages of African American and White in the infected group but a lower percentage of African American in the vaccinated group (Supplementary Figure S2b). These data are consistent with other reports demonstrating the disproportionate effects of the pandemic and vaccine accessibility on lower-income and African American groups in PA as well as nationwide US [16][17][18][19].…”

Section: Comparison Of Income and Race Between Infected And Vaccinate...supporting

confidence: 92%

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A Cross-Sectional Study of SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence between Fall 2020 and February 2021 in Allegheny County, Western Pennsylvania, USA

Doyle

Barbeau

et al. 2021

Pathogens

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Seroprevalence studies are important for understanding the dynamics of local virus transmission and evaluating community immunity. To assess the seroprevalence for SARS-CoV-2 in Allegheny County, an urban/suburban county in Western PA, 393 human blood samples collected in Fall 2020 and February 2021 were examined for spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) and nucleocapsid protein (N) antibodies. All RBD-positive samples were evaluated for virus-specific neutralization activity. Our results showed a seroprevalence of 5.5% by RBD ELISA, 4.5% by N ELISA, and 2.5% for both in Fall 2020, which increased to 24.7% by RBD ELISA, 14.9% by N ELISA, and 12.9% for both in February 2021. Neutralization titer was significantly correlated with RBD titer but not with N titer. Using these two assays, we were able to distinguish infected from vaccinated individuals. In the February cohort, higher median income and white race were associated with serological findings consistent with vaccination. This study demonstrates a 4.5-fold increase in SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence from Fall 2020 to February 2021 in Allegheny County, PA, due to increased incidence of both natural disease and vaccination. Future seroprevalence studies will need to include the effect of vaccination on assay results and incorporate non-vaccine antigens in serological assessments.

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Section: Comparison Of Income and Race Between Infected And Vaccinate...supporting

confidence: 92%

“…(%) [95%CI] 11 (5.5) [3-10] 48 (24.7) [19-31] N positive (endpoint titer ≥ 300)-No. (%) [95%CI] 9 (4.5) [2-8]29 (14.9)[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Cross-Sectional Study of SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence between Fall 2020 and February 2021 in Allegheny County, Western Pennsylvania, USA

Doyle

Barbeau

et al. 2021

Pathogens

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“…Most existing studies that have demonstrated racial disparities in COVID-19 mortality have done so in one of three ways: (1) showing that the number of people in specific racial/ethnic groups dying from COVID-19 exceeds their representation in the overall population [4,5]; (2) demonstrating that the percentage of a non-White racial/ethnic group in a county, city, or neighborhood significantly predicts the overall COVID-19 death rate in that county, city, or neighborhood [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]; and (3) quantifying death rates among individual patients of different racial/ethnic groups in clinical settings such as hospitals, health systems, or regional or national registries [25][26][27][28][29]. Surprisingly, only a limited number of studies have explored racial disparities in COVID-19 mortality by explicitly calculating and comparing death rates across racial/ethnic groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Actual Racial/Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19 Mortality for the Non-Hispanic Black Compared to Non-Hispanic White Population in 35 US States and Their Association with Structural Racism

Siegel

Critchfield‐Jain

Boykin

et al. 2021

J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities

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Introduction While the increased burden of COVID-19 among the Black population has been recognized, most attempts to quantify the extent of this racial disparity have not taken the age distribution of the population into account. In this paper, we determine the Black–White disparity in COVID-19 mortality rates across 35 states using direct age standardization. We then explore the relationship between structural racism and differences in the magnitude of this disparity across states. Methods Using data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, we calculated both crude and age-adjusted COVID-19 mortality rates for the non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black populations in each state. We explored the relationship between a state-level structural racism index and the observed differences in the racial disparities in COVID-19 mortality across states. We explored the potential mediating effects of disparities in exposure based on occupation, underlying medical conditions, and health care access. Results Relying upon crude death rate ratios resulted in a substantial underestimation of the true magnitude of the Black–White disparity in COVID-19 mortality rates. The structural racism index was a robust predictor of the observed racial disparities. Each standard deviation increase in the racism index was associated with an increase of 0.26 in the ratio of COVID-19 mortality rates among the Black compared to the White population. Conclusions Structural racism should be considered a root cause of the Black–White disparity in COVID-19 mortality. Dismantling the long-standing systems of racial oppression is critical to adequately address both the downstream and upstream causes of racial inequities in the disease burden of COVID-19.

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“…The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has identified African Americans as having increased risk of COVID-19-associated mortality mainly due to limited access to healthcare and related social determinants of health. A recent study found that COVID-19 mortality rates were generally higher in areas that had higher African American populations, particularly in the northeast United States ( 2 ). In addition, recent findings suggest higher mortality rate and greater disease severity in males than in females ( 3 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can cilia provide an entry gateway for SARS-CoV-2 to human ciliated cells?

Buqaileh

Saternos

Ley

et al. 2021

Physiological Genomics

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A world-wide coronavirus pandemic is in full swing and, at the time of writing, there are only few treatments that have been successful in clinical trials, but no effective anti-viral treatment has been approved. Because of its lethality, it is important to understand the current strain's effects and mechanisms not only in the respiratory system, but in other affected organ systems as well. Past coronavirus outbreaks caused by SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV inflicted life-threatening acute kidney injuries (AKI) on their hosts leading to significant mortality rates, which went somewhat overlooked in the face of the severe respiratory effects. Recent evidence has emphasized renal involvement in SARS-CoV-2, stressing that kidneys are damaged in COVID-19 patients. The mechanism by which this virus inflicts AKI is still unclear, but evidence from other coronavirus strains may hold some clues. Two theories exist for the proposed mechanism of AKI: 1) the AKI is a secondary effect to reduced blood and oxygen levels causing hyperinflammation and 2) the AKI is due to cytotoxic effects. Kidneys express angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), the confirmed SARS-CoV-2 target receptor as well as collectrin, an ACE2 homologue, that localizes to the primary cilium, an organelle historically targeted by coronaviruses. While the available literature suggests that kidney damage is leading to higher mortality rates in COVID-19 patients, especially in those with pre-existing kidney and cardiovascular diseases, the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is still being investigated. Here, we present brief literature review supporting our proposed hypothesis of a possible link between SARS-CoV-2 cellular infection and cilia.

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Visualizing COVID-19 Mortality Rates and African-American Populations in the USA and Pennsylvania

Cited by 22 publications

References 16 publications

A Cross-Sectional Study of SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence between Fall 2020 and February 2021 in Allegheny County, Western Pennsylvania, USA

A Cross-Sectional Study of SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence between Fall 2020 and February 2021 in Allegheny County, Western Pennsylvania, USA

Actual Racial/Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19 Mortality for the Non-Hispanic Black Compared to Non-Hispanic White Population in 35 US States and Their Association with Structural Racism

Can cilia provide an entry gateway for SARS-CoV-2 to human ciliated cells?

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