Visualizing and understanding batch heterogeneity during freeze-drying using shelf-scale infrared thermography
Leif-Thore Deck,
Nicole Ferru,
Andraž Košir
et al.
Abstract:Freeze-drying is widely used for manufacturing biopharmaceuticals in vials. One significant challenge in process design and optimization is heterogeneity among vials across a batch, which has been difficult to investigate due to the lack of adequate monitoring techniques. Here we leverage infrared thermography to quantify the freezing and drying behavior of all vials, hence enabling comprehensive studies of batch heterogeneity. Surprisingly, the stochasticity of nucleation, commonly considered the main driver … Show more
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