Visualizing and forecasting the association of air quality and health outcomes in Ontario, Canada

Abstract

Research has shown that air pollution is associated with risks of development and worsening of chronic diseases. The Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) is a numerical scale that reports air quality and health risk, and includes messages that advise on health risk reduction actions according to AQHI levels. Our study aimed to (1) characterize geographical variations between air pollution (AQHI) and health outcomes (incidence, prevalence, and health services use) of asthma, COPD, diabetes, and hypertension; (2) forecast the trend of associations using observed data; and (3) develop visualization tools that help the public identify risks of air pollution and health outcomes. Observed trends of AQHI and health outcomes from 2003 to 2014 were plotted and forecasted up to 2025, while maps showed their geographical variations. Overall, the highest incidence and prevalence of each disease were observed in regions with higher annual mean AQHI. Chronic diseases' acute health services use was higher in northern Ontario, while physician office visits were higher in southern Ontario. The positive correlations between AQHI and health outcomes in Ontario suggests that increasing public awareness of potential health risks of air pollution is important, especially among people with chronic diseases.

Air Quality in Windsor (Canada) and Impact of Regional Scale Transport

“…However, the AQHI value is likely higher compared with other stations in Ontario. Liang et al [20] report that two regions registered the highest annual mean AQHI values (2.8-3.0) in Ontario in 2014: the central east region, which includes Toronto, and the southwest region, which includes Windsor. During 2016-2019, 1428 daily AQHIs were recorded in Windsor Downtown Station.…”

“…This is not unexpected because the annual mean NO 2 had decreased significantly by 33%, while annual mean O 3 concentration had increased significantly by 6.4% during 2009-2018 in Windsor [21]. Ontario experienced a 24% reduction in hourly AQHI value from 2003 to 2014 [20]. However, further improvement of AQHI in Windsor or other Ontario cities beyond the 2020 could be challenging.…”