Visualization of the binding between gintonin, a Panax ginseng-derived LPA receptor ligand, and the LPA receptor subtypes and transactivation of the EGF receptor

Emerging evidence that ginseng components improve cognition in subjective memory impairment, mild cognitive impairment, and early Alzheimer's disease dementia

“…Thus, gintonin functions as a ginseng-derived G-protein-coupled LPA receptor ligand. This is supported by the fact that the action of gintonin can be blocked by an LPA receptor antagonist [ 39 ]. LPA and LPA1/6 receptor subtypes are abundant in the mouse brain, among six LPA receptor subtypes [ 40 ].…”

“…LPA and LPA1/6 receptor subtypes are abundant in the mouse brain, among six LPA receptor subtypes [ 40 ]. Thus, ginseng gintonin exerts physiological and pharmacological effects on various LPA receptor subtypes in brain [ 39 ].…”

Panax ginseng as a potential therapeutic for neurological disorders associated with COVID-19; Toward targeting inflammasome

“…Gintonin, when isolated from ginseng, has been shown to act as a ginseng-derived lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor ligand and elicit the [Ca 2+ ] i transient through six LPA receptors (LPARs) [ [87] , [88] , [89] ]. The LPARs are expressed on most cell types within central and peripheral nervous tissues, and they have been functionally related to many neural processes and pathways involved in health and pathological status, including those involved in COVID-19 [ 90 , 91 ].…”

“…The LPARs are expressed on most cell types within central and peripheral nervous tissues, and they have been functionally related to many neural processes and pathways involved in health and pathological status, including those involved in COVID-19 [ 90 , 91 ]. Gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF), a non-saponin component, is composed of a large amount of lysophosphatidic acids as a functional group and contains a large amount of linoleic acid and phosphatidic acids, which are lipid components [ [87] , [88] , [89] ]. A recent study demonstrated that GEF may inhibits heat stress-induced inflammation through LPARs [ 92 ].…”