Visualization of Soft Tissue Venous Malformations of Head and Neck with 4D Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Abstract

Evaluation of hemodynamics in venous malformation (VM) in the head and neck area is done by direct puncture venography before alcohol sclerotherapy, but it is difficult due to a variable degree of filling in from the artery and filling out into the draining vein. We present our preliminary experience of 4D MRI to evaluate VM hemodynamics. Four patients with venous malformation in the maxillofacial area underwent both 4D MRI and direct puncture venography before alcohol sclerotherapy. To find out appropriate velocity encoding (VENC) for VM, we applied 5-50 cm/sec VENC. Significant high-flow foci demonstrated by phase changes in magnitude images were compared with lesion types shown on a direct puncture venogram. Detection of flow in VM was possible in magnitude images or phase-difference images when VENC was set to less than 30 cm/sec. Appropriate VENC for VM was regarded as less than 5 cm/sec. High-flow areas in the dilated venous sac demonstrated focal spots or linear band-like areas on phase changes of 4D MRI. Appropriate VENC application was mandatory to detect flow in VM. Flow information on 4D MRI provided flow information in VM which was not detected on a direct puncture venogram in the compartmentalized lesion and thus can make alcohol sclerotherapy safer.

Variation in the formation of the retromandibular and the external jugular veins with embryological overview: A case report

“…The formation of RMV presented in the current report is unique and is rarely reported in the literature. Such variations are of clinical significance while performing interventional radiologic procedures such as direct puncture venography for done for evaluation of hemodynamics in case of venous malformations [ 13 ].…”

Prediction of venous malformations with localized intravascular coagulopathy with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging

“…8,9 Contrast MR Angiography is used for the differentiation of VMs from high flow vascular malformations and classification of VMs. [10][11][12][13] The CT angiography has limited role in evaluation of VMs and associated with radiation exposure. 14,15 Localized intravascular coagulopathy (LIC) is a common finding (42-88%) in large VMs that activate the coagulation leading to a consumption of clotting factors.…”