“…Compared to conventional reinforcing, the advantages that TiABs offer include but are not limited to higher strength, superior fatigue performance, high strength-to-weight ratio, lighter weight, lower modulus of elasticity, reduction in rebar congestion, smaller inelastic residual deformation, and excellent corrosion resistance [1]. Similarly, UHPC offers numerous advantages critical for bridge application such as exceptionally higher compressive strength, superior mechanical properties, and excellent durability compared to conventional or high-strength concrete [2]. However, both UHPC and TiABs have not been widely used to date in structural elements due to the lack of knowledge of their structural behavior and failure mechanism.…”