Visualization of herpes simplex virus type 1 attachment to target cells using staphylococcus aureus as a morphologic tag

Mild Acidic pH Inhibition of the Major Pathway of Herpes Simplex Virus Entry into HEp-2 Cells

“…The lag period was also observed with 102-to 104-fold higher multiplicities of infection and when the virus was added to the cells at 37 °C (Rosenthal et al, 1984); it was not an artefact of the temperature shift or the sensitivity of the assay. Following the lag period, penetration of the virus proceeded rapidly for 10 to 20 min with most of the virus (approx.…”

“…Penetration of HSV-1 follows a 5 min lag period, coincident with a limitation of all cell surface protein mobility (Rosenthal et al, 1984). During this period, HSV could be observed by electron microscopy to be attached and in the early phases of envelope-plasma membrane fusion.…”

“…Rapid uptake of the virus followed the 5 min lag period, with penetration of 80 to 90 % of the cell-bound virus occurring by 20 min. These kinetics are coincident with a significant disruption of membrane structure which can be blocked by inhibitors of HSV penetration, including mild acidic pH (Rosenthal et al, 1984(Rosenthal et al, , 1988. Penetration of the remainder of the virus proceeded at a slower rate and continued for up to 1 or 2 h. Electron microscopic observation indicated that the majority of HSV-1 KOS enters by fusion at the plasma membrane but some of the inoculum is taken into the cell by endocytosis.…”

Calcium spirulan derived from Spirulina platensis inhibits herpes simplex virus 1 attachment to human keratinocytes and protects against herpes labialis

“…Although in vitro experiments with Ca-SP and SPME in a ratio similar to those contained in the cream showed no synergistic HSV-1-inhibitory effect (Fig 1, B), SPME was included to capture antiviral activities not related to Ca-SP 19 and because of its regenerative and antibacterial properties (K. Reich and P. G€ unther, unpublished observation), 20 with bacterial infections being a known cofactor of herpes labialis. 21 (Fig 2, B) and postadsorption (Fig 2, C) assays indicating inhibition of HSV-1 infection by Ca-SP and heparin when added before but not after viral attachment in contrast to ACV (for details, see the text). D, Immunofluorescence detection of the viral tegument protein VP16 (green) in infected (D1) but not uninfected (D2) HaCaT cells.…”

Antiviral Activity of Lactoferrin and Ovotransferrin Derived Peptides Towards Herpesviridae

“…Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infects a wide range of cells and causes disease in a variety of different tissues. Electron microscopy studies suggested that this virus enters host cells by means of either endocytosis or fusion between the membranes of the virus and the cell (Hodnichak et al, 1984). The envelope of the HSV-1 virion contains at least ten different viral glycoproteins, several of which project as distinct spikes from the membrane surface and are likely to interact sequentially or simultaneously with different binding sites on the cell surface (Fuller & Lee, 1992;Herold et al, 1994).…”