Visualization of drifting buoy deployments on St. Clair River near public water intakes - October 3-5, 2000

Augmenting two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations with measured velocity data to identify flow paths as a function of depth on Upper St. Clair River in the Great Lakes basin

“…Reverse particle tracking results indicate that particle paths in shallower layers tend be nearer the Canadian boundary than particle paths in deeper waters. These results are consistent with near-surface velocities tracked by drifting-buoy deployments in Upper St. Clair River (Holtschlag and Aichele, 2001). Conversely, particles started in deeper waters, where public water intakes are commonly placed, are more likely to be consistent with particle tracks indicated by the public water intake version of the hydrodynamic model developed for the Michigan Source Water Assessment Program of the St. Clair-Detroit River Waterway (Holtschlag and Koschik, 2004).…”

“…Source areas for the city of Port Huron's public water intakes were consequently mapped to the U.S. side of the waterway upstream from the intakes. Simulated depth-integrated velocities, however, were inconsistent with surface velocities indicated by drifting-buoy deployments, which showed that near-surface water flowed from the Canadian to the U.S. side of the waterway within Upper St. Clair River (Holtschlag and Aichele, 2001). Therefore, the simulated velocities may not be sufficient to describe the complex flow pattern in Upper St. Clair River, and source areas to the city of Port Huron's public water intakes may be inadequately identified.…”

Metals in the sediments of the Huron‐Erie Corridor in North America: Factors regulating metal distribution and mobilization

“…Combined with the very high mean enrichment factor EF Al (68.3), it was concluded that anthropogenic sources dominate Hg concentrations and distributions within this first reach of the corridor. With the mean flow velocity ranging from 0.6 to 1.7 m −1 (Holtschlag & Aichele 2001), sediment transport rates are high, with the elevated Hg concentrations maintained in the St. Clair River sediments, suggesting that active sources of contaminated particles continue to be an issue. The fate of the other trace metals in the upper reach of the corridor also is regulated by these high flow rates.…”

Water quality of the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, and their U.S. tributaries, 1946-2005

“…At the average annual flow rate, it takes approximately 21 hours for water to flow the length of the river. Driftingbuoy deployments indicate that there may be cross-channel mixing upstream from the confluence with the Black River (Holtschlag and Aichele, 2001 Black River, however, the mixing is more subdued because channel curvature and velocities are less. The majority of flow is contained within the center of the river (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2004).…”