Visualization of beta-adrenoceptor binding sites on human inferior vagal ganglia and their axonal transport along the rat vagus nerve

Lawrence, Andrew J; Watkins, Dianne J.; Jarrott, Bevyn

doi:10.1097/00004872-199506000-00009

Cited by 40 publications

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“…The adrenal hormone epinephrine binds to b-adrenergic receptors along vagal nerve fibers (Lawrence et al 1995) that ascend to the brainstem and synapse upon neurons in the NTS (Kalia and Sullivan 1982). Arousal-induced changes in adrenal hormonal secretion increase discharge along vagal afferent fibers (Miyashita and Williams 2006) that, in turn, excite NTS neurons by releasing glutamate from its terminals (Granata and Reis 1983b;Allchin et al 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Peripheral branches of the vagus serve a key role in this process as ascending fibers of the vagus are densely embedded with b-adrenergic receptors that bind epinephrine (Schreurs et al 1986;Lawrence et al 1995), and peripheral endings of the vagus innervate sensory organs that are highly responsive to sympathetic arousal produced by epinephrine release or novelty, including the heart, liver, stomach, and lungs (Shapiro and Miselis 1985;Coupland et al 1989;Paton 1998a, b). Moreover, electrical stimulation of ascending vagal fibers produce significant burst firing in LC neurons (Groves et al 2005;Dorr and Debonnel 2006) and lead to long-lasting elevations in norepinephrine concentrations collected from the amygdala (Hassert et al 2004) and hippocampus (Miyashita and Williams 2002).…”

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Novelty-induced arousal enhances memory for cued classical fear conditioning: Interactions between peripheral adrenergic and brainstem glutamatergic systems

King¹,

Williams²

2009

Learn. Mem.

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Exposure to novel contexts produce heightened states of arousal and biochemical changes in the brain to consolidate memory. However, processes permitting simple exposure to unfamiliar contexts to elevate sympathetic output and to improve memory are poorly understood. This shortcoming was addressed by examining how novelty-induced changes in peripheral and/or central arousal modulates memory for Pavlovian fear conditioning. Male rats were either exposed to the conditioning chamber for 5-min or given no exposure 24 h before conditioning with five tone-shock (0.35 mA) pairings. Retention was assessed 48 h later in a different context. Non-pre-exposed animals exhibited significantly greater freezing during conditioned stimulus (CS) presentations than did pre-exposed animals (P < 0.05). The improvement in retention produced by novelty was attenuated by pretraining a blockade of peripheral b-adrenergic receptors with sotalol (6 mg/kg, i.p.). Study 2 revealed that novelty-induced increases in peripheral autonomic output are conveyed to the brain by visceral afferents that synapse upon brainstem neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). Blocking AMPA receptor activity in the NTS with CNQX (1.0 mg) significantly reduced freezing to the CS in non-pre-exposed animals (P < 0.01). Study 3 showed that elevating epinephrine levels in habituated animals influences learning through mechanisms similar to those produced by novelty-induced arousal. Pre-exposed animals given epinephrine (0.1 mg/kg) froze significantly more than saline controls (P < 0.01), and this effect was attenuated by intra-NTS infusion of CNQX. The findings demonstrate that novelty-induced arousal or increasing sympathetic activity with epinephrine in preexposed animals enhances memory through adrenergic mechanisms initiated in the periphery and transmitted centrally via the vagus/NTS complex.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Novelty-induced arousal enhances memory for cued classical fear conditioning: Interactions between peripheral adrenergic and brainstem glutamatergic systems

King¹,

Williams²

2009

Learn. Mem.

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“…Vagus nerves provide the primary afferent innervation of a broad spectrum of visceral organs and play an important role in the initiation of visceral/viscerosomatic reflexes and the regulation of vegetative functions (24,29). Numerous studies have identified the presence of ␤-adrenoceptors on the vagus nerve in both rats and humans (23,28). Although a sensitizing effect of epinephrine on nociceptors was recently reported (21), whether epinephrine can modulate the excitability of vagal sensory neurons is largely unknown.…”

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confidence: 99%

Epinephrine enhances the sensitivity of rat vagal chemosensitive neurons: role of β₃-adrenoceptor

Lin

Lee

2007

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Gu Q, Lin Y-S, Lee L-Y. Epinephrine enhances the sensitivity of rat vagal chemosensitive neurons: role of ␤3-adrenoceptor. J Appl Physiol 102: [1545][1546][1547][1548][1549][1550][1551][1552][1553][1554][1555] 2007. First published December 14, 2006; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01010.2006.-This study was carried out to determine whether epinephrine alters the sensitivity of rat vagal sensory neurons. In anesthetized rats, inhalation of epinephrine aerosol (1 and 5 mg/ml, 3 min) induced an elevated baseline activity of pulmonary C fibers and enhanced their responses to lung inflation (20 cmH 2O, 10 s) and right atrial injection of capsaicin (0.5 g/kg). In isolated rat nodose and jugular ganglion neurons, perfusion of epinephrine (3 M, 5 min) alone did not produce any detectable change of the intracellular Ca 2ϩ concentration. However, immediately after the pretreatment with epinephrine, the Ca 2ϩ transients evoked by chemical stimulants (capsaicin, KCl, and ATP) were markedly potentiated; for example, capsaicin (50 nM, 15 s)-evoked Ca 2ϩ transient was increased by 106% after epinephrine (P Ͻ 0.05; n ϭ 11). The effect of epinephrine was mimicked by either BRL 37344 (5 M, 5 min) or ICI 215,001 (5 M, 5 min), two selective ␤ 3-adrenoceptor agonists, and blocked by SR 59230A (5 M, 10 min), a selective ␤ 3-adrenoceptor antagonist, whereas pretreatment with phenylephrine (␣ 1-adenoceptor agonist), guanabenz (␣2-adrenoceptor agonist), dobutamine (␤ 1-adrenoceptor agonist), or salbutamol (␤2-adrenoceptor agonist) had no significant effect on capsaicin-evoked Ca 2ϩ transient. Furthermore, pretreatment with SQ 22536 (100 -300 M, 15 min), an adenylate cyclase inhibitor, and H89 (3 M, 15 min), a PKA inhibitor, completely abolished the potentiating effect of epinephrine. Our results suggest that epinephrine enhances the excitability of rat vagal chemosensitive neurons. This sensitizing effect of epinephrine is likely mediated through the activation of ␤ 3-adrenoceptor and intracellular cAMP-PKA signaling cascade. stress; vagal afferents; fura-2; adenylate cyclase; cAMP-dependent protein kinase EPINEPHRINE IS THE PRIMARY CATECHOLAMINE secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to various physiological stresses (41). The physiological functions of epinephrine are mediated through the activation of cell membrane ␣-and ␤-adrenoceptors, both of which belong to the superfamily of seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors (13). Vagus nerves provide the primary afferent innervation of a broad spectrum of visceral organs and play an important role in the initiation of visceral/viscerosomatic reflexes and the regulation of vegetative functions (24,29). Numerous studies have identified the presence of ␤-adrenoceptors on the vagus nerve in both rats and humans (23,28). Although a sensitizing effect of epinephrine on nociceptors was recently reported (21), whether epinephrine can modulate the excitability of vagal sensory neurons is largely unknown.The aims of the present study were 1) to determine whether epinephrine alters the excit...

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“…Further testing of these patients using functional neuroimaging might help to address this issue. (5) Finally, we cannot exclude the possibility that isoproterenol could have stimulated other peripheral ␤-adrenergic receptors as well, such as vagal or spinal nerve afferents (Lawrence et al, 1995;Miyashita and Williams, 2006). In summary, these findings provide further evidence that the amygdala is not essential for the experience of fear and panic anxiety.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Panic Anxiety in Humans with Bilateral Amygdala Lesions: Pharmacological Induction via Cardiorespiratory Interoceptive Pathways

Khalsa

Feinstein

et al. 2016

J. Neurosci.

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We previously demonstrated that carbon dioxide inhalation could induce panic anxiety in a group of rare lesion patients with focal bilateral amygdala damage. To further elucidate the amygdala-independent mechanisms leading to aversive emotional experiences, we retested two of these patients (B.G. and A.M.) to examine whether triggering palpitations and dyspnea via stimulation of nonchemosensory interoceptive channels would be sufficient to elicit panic anxiety. Participants rated their affective and sensory experiences following bolus infusions of either isoproterenol, a rapidly acting peripheral ␤-adrenergic agonist akin to adrenaline, or saline. Infusions were administered during two separate conditions: a panic induction and an assessment of cardiorespiratory interoception. Isoproterenol infusions induced anxiety in both patients, and full-blown panic in one (patient B.G.). Although both patients demonstrated signs of diminished awareness for cardiac sensation, patient A.M., who did not panic, reported a complete lack of awareness for dyspnea, suggestive of impaired respiratory interoception. These findings indicate that the amygdala may play a role in dynamically detecting changes in cardiorespiratory sensation. The induction of panic anxiety provides further evidence that the amygdala is not required for the conscious experience of fear induced via interoceptive sensory channels.

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Visualization of beta-adrenoceptor binding sites on human inferior vagal ganglia and their axonal transport along the rat vagus nerve

Cited by 40 publications

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Novelty-induced arousal enhances memory for cued classical fear conditioning: Interactions between peripheral adrenergic and brainstem glutamatergic systems

Novelty-induced arousal enhances memory for cued classical fear conditioning: Interactions between peripheral adrenergic and brainstem glutamatergic systems

Epinephrine enhances the sensitivity of rat vagal chemosensitive neurons: role of β₃-adrenoceptor

Panic Anxiety in Humans with Bilateral Amygdala Lesions: Pharmacological Induction via Cardiorespiratory Interoceptive Pathways

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Visualization of beta-adrenoceptor binding sites on human inferior vagal ganglia and their axonal transport along the rat vagus nerve

Cited by 40 publications

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Novelty-induced arousal enhances memory for cued classical fear conditioning: Interactions between peripheral adrenergic and brainstem glutamatergic systems

Novelty-induced arousal enhances memory for cued classical fear conditioning: Interactions between peripheral adrenergic and brainstem glutamatergic systems

Epinephrine enhances the sensitivity of rat vagal chemosensitive neurons: role of β3-adrenoceptor

Panic Anxiety in Humans with Bilateral Amygdala Lesions: Pharmacological Induction via Cardiorespiratory Interoceptive Pathways

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Epinephrine enhances the sensitivity of rat vagal chemosensitive neurons: role of β₃-adrenoceptor