Visualization of axoplasmic flow in vitro by Nomarski microscopy. Comparison to rapid flow of radioactive proteins

Kirkpatrick, Joel B.; Bray, John J.; Palmer, Samuel

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(72)90270-3

Cited by 72 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The intra-axonal transport of mitochondria has previously been demonstrated in a number of systems (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24). Although a few of these previous studies have suggested a relatively rapid movement of mitochondria (e.g., refs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Subcellular fractionation of intra-axonally transport polypeptides in the rabbit visual system.

Lorenz¹,

Willard²

1978

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

113

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We analyzed the subcellular distributions of proteins that are transported down the axons of rabbit retinal ganglion cells and compared these distributions to those of enzyme markers for endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. The proteins of each of five previously identified transport groups were uniquely distributed through the subcellular fractions, suggesting that each transport group is associated with different subcellular organelles. In particular, all of the observed group I polypeptides (the most rapidly moving group, maximum velocity > 240 mm/day) were associated with material of hydrodynamic properties similar to those of the plasma membrane. The proteins of group II (maximum velocity = 34-68 mm/day) were heterogeneous in their subcellular distributions but included mitochondrial proteins. Groups III and IV (maximum velocity = 4-8 and 2-4 mm/day, respectively) included materials that may be involved in motile processes; group V (maximum velocity = 0.7-1.1 mm/day) contained material of very high density which may be associated with neurofilaments. Many of the proteins required by the axons and synaptic terminals of neurons are synthesized in the neuronal cell bodies and conveyed to their destinations by the process of intra-axonal transport. The identities and organization of the transported proteins are of interest not only because of the importance of these proteins in axonal and synaptic functions but also because their transport may represent a modification of transport processes used to convey proteins over less dramatic distances in other cell types.In the retinal ganglion cells of the rabbit, the intra-axonal transport of proteins appears to be a complex but highly organized process. Proteins synthesized in the cell bodies of these neurons can be labeled with radioactive amino acids injected into the vitreous of the eye, and the labeled transported proteins can be subsequently monitored as they move down the axons.[The axons of the retinal ganglion cells pass through the optic nerve (ON) and contralateral optic tract (OT), a total distance of about 3 cm, to form synapses in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and superior colliculus (SC)]. We previously used sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by autoradiography of the gels to resolve more than 40 of the transported polypeptides; these polypeptides can be assigned to at least five groups, according to the time at which they first appear in labeled form in segments of the ON and OT-i.e., according to their maximum transport velocities (1, 2). The significance of this organization is not understood; however, the principles governing this grouping could be reflected in the subcellular associations of the polypeptides within each group.We have therefore begun to analyze the subcellular distributions of the transported polypeptides in homogenates of the ON and OT (which contain the axons of the retinal ganglion cells) as well as of the LGN and SC (which contain nerve endings in addition to t...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Subcellular fractionation of intra-axonally transport polypeptides in the rabbit visual system.

Lorenz¹,

Willard²

1978

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

113

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“…Sometimes the particles seem to be moving within channels in the axoplasm (180,267). The mitochondria phrticipate in this fast movement, but they appear to engage in it less frequently than do other smaller organelles (178,1801, so that their overall rate of displacement may be considerably less.…”

Section: Characteristics Of the Fast And Slow Componentsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Direct microscopic observation of living nerve fibers shows that small particles, including mitochondria and elements of the endoplasmic reticulum, can move within the axoplasm at rates equivalent to that of the fast transport (24, 178,211,267,296). In neurites growing in tissue culture, as well as in axon segments excised from an intact nerve, the particles may be seen to move in an irregular, intermittent way at velocities of up to several microns per second.…”

Section: Characteristics Of the Fast And Slow Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Axonal Transport: The Intracellular Traffic of the Neuron

Grafstein

1977

Comprehensive Physiology

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“…Recently there have been reports of the optical detection of rapidly moving organelles in nerve fibres isolated from adult vertebrates (Smith, 1971(Smith, , 1972a(Smith, , 1973 Kirkpatrick, Bray & Palmer, 1972;Kirkpatrick & Stern, 1973). Hence, it is now possible to examine the mechanisms and significance of the transport of large organelles in single neurones of adult animals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The movement of optically detectable organelles in myelinated axons of Xenopus laevis

Cooper¹,

Smith²

1974

The Journal of Physiology

120

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SUMMARY1. Intra-axonal organelles were detected by darkfield and Nomarski microscopy in isolated myelinated nerve fibres from Xenopus laevis. Nerve fibres from the 8th spinal roots, the sciatic nerve, and identified motor and sensory axons from other hind limb nerves were used. The movement of the organelles was recorded either on motion picture film or by noting the times at which they crossed the lines of an ocular grid.2. Three groups of organelles were detected in all fibres. A group of particles with round profiles 0-2-0-5 pum in diameter moved somatopetally.

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Visualization of axoplasmic flow in vitro by Nomarski microscopy. Comparison to rapid flow of radioactive proteins

Cited by 72 publications

References 16 publications

Subcellular fractionation of intra-axonally transport polypeptides in the rabbit visual system.

Subcellular fractionation of intra-axonally transport polypeptides in the rabbit visual system.

Axonal Transport: The Intracellular Traffic of the Neuron

The movement of optically detectable organelles in myelinated axons of Xenopus laevis

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