2013
DOI: 10.1038/nature12037
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Visualization of an endogenous retinoic acid gradient across embryonic development

Abstract: In vertebrate development, the body plan is determined by primordial morphogen gradients that suffuse the embryo. Retinoic acid (RA) is an important morphogen involved in patterning the anterior-posterior axis of structures, including the hindbrain and paraxial mesoderm. RA diffuses over long distances, and its activity is spatially restricted by synthesizing and degrading enzymes. However, gradients of endogenous morphogens in live embryos have not been directly observed; indeed, their existence, distribution… Show more

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Cited by 188 publications
(151 citation statements)
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“…They participate in establishing and maintaining morphogen gradients that play central roles in establishing the position and identity of cells to create the architecture of developing tissues. [1][2][3][4] Gradients are also recognized determinants of events in adult organisms, although these have largely been explored on the level of particular cytokines. 5,6 Electrostatic interactions of cytokines with HSPGs restrict diffusion and permit gradients to persist, perhaps revealing why HSPG are uniformly present in all metazoa.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…They participate in establishing and maintaining morphogen gradients that play central roles in establishing the position and identity of cells to create the architecture of developing tissues. [1][2][3][4] Gradients are also recognized determinants of events in adult organisms, although these have largely been explored on the level of particular cytokines. 5,6 Electrostatic interactions of cytokines with HSPGs restrict diffusion and permit gradients to persist, perhaps revealing why HSPG are uniformly present in all metazoa.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[156][157][158] Insoluble ECM proteins, 1,138 such as collagens, noncollagenous glycoproteins (elastin, fibronectin, nephronectin, or laminin), and hydrophilic proteoglycans with large glycosaminoglycan FIG. 8.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A ll-trans-retinoic acid 1, its isomer 9-cis-retinoic acid 2, and other natural retinoids are important signaling molecules that act in the embryo 1 and throughout adult life. 2−4 At the genomic level, retinoids bind the retinoid receptors (RARs, subtypes RARα,β,γ) 5 and retinoic X receptors (RXRs, subtypes RXRα,β,γ) 6 to regulate many important biological activities.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%