Visual topography in primate V2: multiple representation across functional stripes

Roe, Anna Wang; Ts’o, Daniel Y.

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.15-05-03689.1995

Cited by 251 publications

(336 citation statements)

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“…Zeki and Shipp (1989) suggested that this segregation is not complete in V4, but rather some foci receive input from interstripes only, whereas other foci receive a mixed thin stripe and interstripe input. Recently, optical recording of intrinsic cortical signals has shown that V2 stripe compartments are functionally heterogeneous; interstripes and thick stripes contain orientation-selective domains (Malach et al, 1994), and thin stripes consist of separate clusters of cells activated by chromatic and luminance stimuli (Roe and Ts'o, 1995). Furthermore, the pattern of cytochrome oxidase activity is nonuniform within dense stripes such that individual stripes are best described as a series of beads on a string rather than as a uniform structure.…”

Section: Abstract: Functional Architecture; Temporal Lobe; Cortical mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5). Recently, Roe and Ts'o (1995) demonstrated a submodular organization within V2 thin stripes such that ϳ500 -1000 m wide zones are preferentially activated by isoluminant color or luminance stimuli, respectively. Because the cells within the cytochrome oxidase blobs of V1 are functionally heterogeneous (cf.…”

Section: Heterogeneity Within V2 Stripe Compartmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This continuous mapping of inputs from two adjacent stripe compartments to a single V4 injection site suggests that V4 contains zones of convergence of multiple V2 stripe subcompartments. V2 thin stripes are functionally heterogeneous, consisting of distinct clusters of chromatic and luminance selective neurons (Roe and Ts'o, 1995). Although it is unclear whether this heterogeneity is closely associated with differences in cytochrome oxidase activity, it is a testable hypothesis that the cytochrome oxidase dense zones of V2 thin stripes contain chromatic selective, nonoriented neurons, whereas the pale regions of thin stripes contain the luminance selective clusters.…”

Section: Integration Across Stripe Compartmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, optical recording studies of V2 functional architecture typically rely on differences in thin stripe and interstripe responses to isoluminant color and luminance contrast gratings. Most relevant, however, is the observation that V2 thin stripes are functionally heterogeneous, containing discrete regions of high color selectivity and luminance selectivity (Roe and Ts'o, 1995;Xiao and Felleman, 1996). This clustering of properties into submodules within cytochrome oxidase stripes may account for the reported overall similarities of properties of V2 thin stripes and interstripes.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Modular Organization of Occipito-Temporal Pathways: Cortical Connections between Visual Area 4 and Visual Area 2 and Posterior Inferotemporal Ventral Area in Macaque Monkeys

1997

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The modular organization of cortical pathways linking visual area 4 ( V4) with occipital visual area 2 ( V2) and inferotemporal posterior inferotemporal ventral area (PITv) was investigated through an analysis of the patterns of retrogradely labeled cell bodies after injections of tracers into V4 and PITv. Although cytochrome oxidase or other stains have failed to yield reliable independent anatomical markers for cortical modules beyond V1 and V2, V4 and PITv seem to have modular compartments with specific patterns of cortico-cortical connectivity. Tracer injections of V4 labeled cells in V2 (1) thin stripes exclusively, (2) interstripes exclusively, or (3) specific combinations of interstripe and thin stripe subcompartments. These labeling patterns suggest (1) that there is a complicated organization of inputs to V4, (2) that projections from V2 to V4 display a submodular selectivity, and (3) that projections from V2 to V4 display some degree of cross-stream convergence. Consistent with this framework, extensive regions of PITv provide feedback projections to interstripe-recipient portions of V4, whereas more restricted portions of PITv provide feedback to thin stripe-recipient portions of V4. Similarly, the feedforward projection from V4 to PITv often arose from multiple cell clusters across a wide expanse of V4. When distinguishable fluorescent tracers were injected into two PITv sites separated by 3-5 mm, a variety of projection patterns was observed in V4. In most cases, labeled cells were found in multiple, interdigitating, nonoverlapping clusters of 1-3 mm width, whereas in other cases the two labeled fields were highly intermixed. These results suggest that V4 and PITv contain functional modules that can be characterized by the specific patterns of segregated and convergent projections they receive from lower cortical areas. These specific patterns of intercortical input, in conjunction with intrinsic cortical circuitry, may endow extrastriate cortical neurons with new and more complex receptive field properties. Key words: functional architecture; temporal lobe; cortical pathways; retrograde tracers; cytochrome oxidaseThe supragranular layers of visual area 1 (V1) are characterized by cytochrome oxidase dense blobs surrounded by pale interblobs (for example, see Livingstone and Hubel, 1984), whereas V2 is characterized by alternating sets of thick and thin dense stripes separated by pale stripes (for example, see Hubel and Livingstone, 1987). Functional studies have contributed to the notion that V1 consists of three compartments associated with parallel functional streams: the blob-dominated stream (BD) involved in color analysis, the interblob-dominated stream (IB) involved in shape analysis, and the magnocellular-dominated stream (MD), which arises from layer 4B and contains orientation and direction-selective cells that receive input from magnocellular LGN recipient layer 4C␣ (Van Essen and Gallant, 1994). These three functional streams target specific compartments in V2: the cytochrome oxidase dens...

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Section: Abstract: Functional Architecture; Temporal Lobe; Cortical mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Heterogeneity Within V2 Stripe Compartmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Integration Across Stripe Compartmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modular Organization of Occipito-Temporal Pathways: Cortical Connections between Visual Area 4 and Visual Area 2 and Posterior Inferotemporal Ventral Area in Macaque Monkeys

1997

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“…These color patches were spatially associated with blobs in a somewhat loose sense and often enclosed interblob regions. Of their electrode penetrations that encountered color-selective cells, 29% were located outside blobs.In V2, color-selective cells and orientation-selective cells were found in all three types of CO compartments (7,(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22). In these studies, the percentage of color-selective cells in thin stripes ranged from 27% to 86%, whereas the percentage of orientation-selective cells ranged from 20% to 73%.…”

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Projections from primary visual cortex to cytochrome oxidase thin stripes and interstripes of macaque visual area 2

Xiao

Felleman

2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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It has been controversial whether the cytochrome oxidase (CO)-dense blobs in primate primary visual cortex (V1) and CO-dense thin stripes in visual area 2 (V2) are parts of a cortical colorprocessing stream that is segregated from other functional streams. One of the key pieces of evidence for the segregated color stream is the previous report of specific connections between blobs and thin stripes, which is parallel to the connections between interblobs and interstripes. To study the degree of the segregation between the proposed different streams, in the current study, anatomical tracers were injected into different V2 compartments with the functional guidance of optical imaging. The spatial relationship between each labeled cell and the CO blobs in V1 were analyzed quantitatively. After tracer injections in the color-preferring modules in CO thin stripes, equal amounts of labeled cells were found in the blobs and interblobs. However, the density of the labeled cells was more than twice as high in the blobs as that in the interblobs, and most of the clusters of labeled cells partially overlapped with the blobs. Tracer injections in the interstripes labeled cells predominantly in the interblobs. Our results suggest that both the blobs and interblobs project to the thin stripes and call into question the proposition that different CO compartments in V1 and V2 are connected in parallel to form highly segregated functional streams.T he primate primary visual cortex (V1) and second visual area (V2) comprise regions of various cytochrome oxidase (CO) activity, which may subserve different functions (1). In V1, layers 2 and 3 are composed of CO-dense patches (blobs) and regions surrounding them (interblobs) (2-4). V2 is composed of alternating thin and thick CO-dense stripes and the pale interstripe regions between them (5, 6). Early studies have shown that most cells in the blobs and thin stripes were unoriented and selective for color, whereas most cells elsewhere were oriented and not selective for color (7,8). Anatomically, thin stripes and interstripes receive V1 projections from blobs and interblobs in layers 2 and 3, respectively, whereas thick stripes received projections from layer 4B (8-10). Intrinsic horizontal connections in supragranular layers of V1 preferentially connect blob with blob, or interblob with interblob (11). Based on these findings, it has been proposed that color is processed in the blob-thin-stripe stream that is segregated from other functional streams (1, 9).However, several subsequent studies have contradicted the one-to-one relationship between color processing and the stream originating in the blobs. In V1, Leventhal et al. (12) did not find differences in color and orientation selectivity between blob and interblob cells. Similarly, Lennie et al. (13) found no difference in chromatic selectivity between blob and interblob cells. Ts'o and Gilbert (14) reported cells near blob borders that were selective to both orientation and color. Using both optical and electrical recording, Land...

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Topographic patterns of V2 cortical connections in macaque monkeys

Stepniewska

Kaas

1996

J. Comp. Neurol.

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Patterns of connections of dorsal and ventral portions of the second visual area (V2) were used to evaluate and extend current theories of cortical organization and processing streams in macaque monkeys. Injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) and up to four different fluorochromes in V2 labeled neurons and terminations in V2 and in 1) caudal (DLc) and rostral (DLr) subdivisions of dorsolateral cortex between V2 and the middle temporal area (MT); 2) regions we define as dorsomedial (DM) and dorsointermediate (DI) areas; 3) MT, medial superior temporal area (MST), and fundal superior temporal area (FST); 4) the dorsal part of inferior temporal (TEO) cortex; and 5) two locations in posterior parietal cortex. The largest extrastriate connection zone was DLc, which occupied the caudal one-third to one-half of the fourth visual area (V4) region of other proposals. Based on the connection pattern, foveal vision in DLc is represented adjacent to foveal vision in V2, with the lower quadrant represented dorsally and the upper quadrant ventrally, as in V2, but within a much less extensive region of cortex. The sparser connections of DLr formed a more compressed but parallel visuotopic pattern. A third visuotopic pattern of connections was located in a moderately myelinated region of cortex just rostral to dorsomedial V2. Whereas the region would include parts of dorsal visual area 3 (V3), V3a, and possibly other areas of other proposals, we interpret the connection pattern as reflecting a dorsomedial visual area, DM, with foveal vision represented caudolaterally and other parts of the lower and upper quadrants represented more medially and rostrally. A fourth pattern of label in dorsointermediate cortex suggested the location and organization of another visual area (DI). Most of a fifth connection pattern with MT was congruent with the known visuotopic organization of MT area, but visuotopically mismatched foci of connections were observed as well. Sparser foci of label in MST suggested a rostrodorsal representation of foveal vision, with paracentral vision represented more caudally. Separate dorsal and ventral foci of label in FST were consistent with previous evidence for dorsal (FSTd) and ventral (FSTv) visual areas. Finally, connections with TEO and posterior parietal cortex were sparse. Our results suggest that much of visual cortex organization is similar in New and Old World monkeys.

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Visual topography in primate V2: multiple representation across functional stripes

Abstract: We thank John Maunsell for invaluable discussions and suggestions for data analysis; Geoffrey Ghose, Jonathan Horton, and Jon Kaas for helpful comments on the manuscript; and Lara Hinderstein and Carmela LoRusso for excellent technical support.

Cited by 251 publications

References 56 publications

Modular Organization of Occipito-Temporal Pathways: Cortical Connections between Visual Area 4 and Visual Area 2 and Posterior Inferotemporal Ventral Area in Macaque Monkeys

Modular Organization of Occipito-Temporal Pathways: Cortical Connections between Visual Area 4 and Visual Area 2 and Posterior Inferotemporal Ventral Area in Macaque Monkeys

Projections from primary visual cortex to cytochrome oxidase thin stripes and interstripes of macaque visual area 2

Topographic patterns of V2 cortical connections in macaque monkeys

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