Visual Stimulation Switches the Polarity of Excitatory Input to Starburst Amacrine Cells

Vlasits, Anna; Bos, Rémi; Morrie, Ryan D.; Fortuny, Cécile; Flannery, John G.; Feller, Marla B.; Rivlin‐Etzion, Michal

doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.07.037

Cited by 63 publications

(68 citation statements)

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“…Although direction-selective circuits in the retina have been studied in considerable detail (Borst and Euler 2011;Briggman et al 2011), how ambient illumination influences their function is not well understood. A pair of recent studies showed that DSGCs can switch the direction of their motion preference in response to repeated stimulation (Rivlin-Etzion et al 2012;Vlasits et al 2014). These changes in motion preference appear to be caused by shifts in the response polarity of starburst amacrine cells (SACs), critical interneurons presynaptic to DSGCs (Vlasits et al 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A pair of recent studies showed that DSGCs can switch the direction of their motion preference in response to repeated stimulation (Rivlin-Etzion et al 2012;Vlasits et al 2014). These changes in motion preference appear to be caused by shifts in the response polarity of starburst amacrine cells (SACs), critical interneurons presynaptic to DSGCs (Vlasits et al 2014). Unlike the changes in contrast preference observed in this study, SAC responses were converted gradually and irreversibly by preferential stimulation of receptive field centers (circle: ϳ225-m diameter) with bright light (100,000 R*) causing shifts in the balance of rod/centerand cone/surround-driven signals (Vlasits et al 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These changes in motion preference appear to be caused by shifts in the response polarity of starburst amacrine cells (SACs), critical interneurons presynaptic to DSGCs (Vlasits et al 2014). Unlike the changes in contrast preference observed in this study, SAC responses were converted gradually and irreversibly by preferential stimulation of receptive field centers (circle: ϳ225-m diameter) with bright light (100,000 R*) causing shifts in the balance of rod/centerand cone/surround-driven signals (Vlasits et al 2014). We find that preferred motion directions of DSGCs remain stable within narrow angular regions under ambient (rectangle: ϳ1.7 ϫ 2.3 mm) illumination conditions from 1 R* to 10,000 R* (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rod signals reach the inner retina by three alternative pathways that preferentially operate at different light levels (Bloomfield and Dacheux 2001). These pathways converge on some retinal ganglion cell (RGC) types but segregate among others and may give rise to retinal output streams tuned to distinct light levels (Volgyi et al 2004). Recent studies suggest an important amendment to the notion of functional specialization in the retina.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Ambient illumination switches contrast preference of specific retinal processing streams

Pearson

Kerschensteiner

2015

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Ambient illumination switches contrast preference of specific retinal processing streams

Pearson

Kerschensteiner

2015

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…This imaging technique has proven to be quite powerful in characterizing the receptive field properties of retinal ganglion cells [9][10][11][12]. We loaded retinas of WT mice near eye-opening (P13-P14) and in adulthood (>P30) with the calcium dye Oregon green 488 BAPTA-1 hexapotassium salt (OGB-1) via electroporation, thus uniformly labeling the ganglion cell layer ( Figure 1A; see Supplemental Information).…”

Section: Clustering Of Dsgc Preferred Directions Along Cardinal Axesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role for Visual Experience in the Development of Direction-Selective Circuits

Bos¹,

Gainer²,

Feller³

2017

Current Biology

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SUMMARYVisually-guided behavior can depend critically on detecting the direction of object movement. This computation is first performed in the retina where direction is encoded by direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGCs) that respond strongly to an object moving in the preferred direction and weakly to an object moving in the opposite, or null, direction (reviewed in [1]). These DSGCs come in multiple types that are classified based on their morphologies, response properties and targets in the brain. This study focuses on two types -ON and ON-OFF DSGCs. Though animals can sense motion in all directions, the preferred directions of DSGCs in adult retina cluster along distinct directions that we refer to as the cardinal axes. ON DSGCs have three cardinal axestemporal, ventral and dorsonasal -while ON-OFF DSGCs have four -nasal, temporal, dorsal, and ventral. How these preferred directions emerge during development is still not understood. Several studies have demonstrated that ON [2] and ON-OFF DSGCs are well tuned at eye-opening, and even a few days prior to eye-opening, in rabbits [3], rats [4] and mice [5][6][7][8], suggesting that visual experience is not required to produce direction selective tuning. However, here we show that at eye-opening the preferred directions of both ON and ON-OFF DSGCs are diffusely distributed and that visual deprivation prevents the preferred directions from clustering along the cardinal axes. Our findings indicate a critical role for visual experience in shaping responses in the retina. HHS Public Access RESULTS Clustering of DSGC preferred directions along cardinal axes after eye-opening requires visual experienceWe used two-photon calcium imaging to study the development of DSGC populations in mouse retina. This imaging technique has proven to be quite powerful in characterizing the receptive field properties of retinal ganglion cells [9][10][11][12]. We loaded retinas of WT mice near eye-opening (P13-P14) and in adulthood (>P30) with the calcium dye Oregon green 488 BAPTA-1 hexapotassium salt (OGB-1) via electroporation, thus uniformly labeling the ganglion cell layer ( Figure 1A; see Supplemental Information). Ventral portions of the retina were stimulated with light centered at 385 nm to maximally activate UV-cones [13,14] while minimizing cross talk with the imaging detectors ( Figure S1). This approach allowed us to record from all DSGC subtypes within a single field of view (~40000 μm 2 ).To identify DSGCs, we first used full field UV-light flashes to classify cells as ON, OFF or ON-OFF retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) ( Figure S1; Table S1). We found that around 80% of the cells in the ganglion cell layer of young and adult retinas responded to light flashes with changes in fluorescence (Table S1), similar to the RGC percentages reported in previous studies [9,11,12]. In addition, over development we observed a decrease in the percentage of ON-OFF RGCs (28.03% at P13-14 to 20.84% in adult) (Table S1) [15].Second, we used light bars on a dark background drifting in 8 dir...

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Multiple cell types form the VIP amacrine cell population

Müller

Solomon

Sheets

et al. 2017

J of Comparative Neurology

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Amacrine cells are a heterogeneous group of interneurons that form microcircuits with bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells to process visual information in the inner retina. This study has characterized the morphology, neurochemistry and major cell types of a VIP-ires-Cre amacrine cell population. VIP-tdTomato and -Confetti (Brainbow2.1) mouse lines were generated by crossing a VIP-ires-Cre line with either a Cre-dependent tdTomato or Brainbow2.1 reporter line. Retinal sections and whole-mounts were evaluated by quantitative, immunohistochemical, and intracellular labeling approaches. The majority of tdTomato and Confetti fluorescent cell bodies were in the inner nuclear layer (INL) and a few cell bodies were in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). Fluorescent processes ramified in strata 1, 3, 4, and 5 of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). All tdTomato fluorescent cells expressed syntaxin 1A and GABA-immunoreactivity indicating they were amacrine cells. The average VIP-tdTomato fluorescent cell density in the INL and GCL was 535 and 24 cells/mm , respectively. TdTomato fluorescent cells in the INL and GCL contained VIP-immunoreactivity. The VIP-ires-Cre amacrine cell types were identified in VIP-Brainbow2.1 retinas or by intracellular labeling in VIP-tdTomato retinas. VIP-1 amacrine cells are bistratified, wide-field cells that ramify in strata 1, 4, and 5, VIP-2A and 2B amacrine cells are medium-field cells that mainly ramify in strata 3 and 4, and VIP-3 displaced amacrine cells are medium-field cells that ramify in strata 4 and 5 of the IPL. VIP-ires-Cre amacrine cells form a neuropeptide-expressing cell population with multiple cell types, which are likely to have distinct roles in visual processing.

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Visual Stimulation Switches the Polarity of Excitatory Input to Starburst Amacrine Cells

Cited by 63 publications

References 60 publications

Ambient illumination switches contrast preference of specific retinal processing streams

Ambient illumination switches contrast preference of specific retinal processing streams

Role for Visual Experience in the Development of Direction-Selective Circuits

Multiple cell types form the VIP amacrine cell population

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