Visual representation of eye gaze is coded by a nonopponent multichannel system.

Calder, Andrew J.; Jenkins, Rob; Cassel, Anneli; Clifford, Colin W. G.

doi:10.1037/0096-3445.137.2.244

Cited by 102 publications

(154 citation statements)

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“…More importantly, our findings, together with recent studies showing effects of adaptation to gaze direction (Calder et al, 2008;Jenkins et al, 2006), emotional expressions (e.g., Bestelmeyer et al, 2010;Hsu & Young, 2004; As mentioned above, previous research on recalibration of perceptions of lip speech has emphasized the effects of recalibration following exposure to auditory stimuli (Eisner & McQueen, 2005;van Linden & Vroomen, 2007;Vroomen & Baart, 2009). By contrast with this emphasis on auditory recalibration, our findings suggest that perceptions of lip speech also can be recalibrated by visual adaptation to different mouth shapes.…”

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confidence: 53%

“…For example, adaptation to a particular expression decreases the likelihood of ambiguous expressions being labeled as showing the adapted emotion (Bestelmeyer et al, 2010;Webster et al, 2004). Similarly, adaptation to faces with left-averted gaze causes faces with subtle left-deviated gaze to be perceived as averting their gaze to the right (Calder et al, 2008;Jenkins et al, 2006). Lip-read speech plays an important role in social interactions, as was demonstrated by the McGurk effect (McGurk & MacDonald, 1976), in which the spoken syllable / / presented in combination with video of a person displaying the mouth shapes associated with the syllable / / induced perceptions of the syllable / / in the majority of participants.…”

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“…For example, studies have demonstrated effects of adaptation to facial identity (e.g., Leopold et al, 2001), sex (e.g., Webster et al, 2004), ethnicity (e.g., Webster et al, 2004), gaze direction (Calder et al, 2008;Jenkins, Beaver, & Calder, 2006), emotional expression (e.g., Bestelmeyer et al, 2010;Hsu & Young, 2004;Webster et al, 2004), and head orientation (e.g., Fang, Ijichi, & He, 2007), whereby adaptation decreases sensitivity to the adapted characteristic in more ambiguous stimuli. For example, adaptation to a particular expression decreases the likelihood of ambiguous expressions being labeled as showing the adapted emotion (Bestelmeyer et al, 2010;Webster et al, 2004).…”

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Adaptation to different mouth shapes influences visual perception of ambiguous lip speech

Jones

Feinberg

Bestelmeyer

et al. 2010

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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522Many studies have used visual adaptation to investigate whether recent visual experience influences face perception (e.g., Calder, Jenkins, Cassel, & Clifford, 2008;DeBruine, Jones, Unger, Little, & Feinberg, 2007;Little, DeBruine, & Jones, 2005;Rhodes, Jeffery, Watson, Clifford, & Nakayama, 2003;Webster, Kaping, Mizokami, & Duhamel, 2004;Webster & MacLin, 1999). For example, adaptation to faces with expanded feature spacing causes the feature spacing of unmanipulated faces to appear contracted, whereas adaptation to faces with contracted feature spacing causes the feature spacing of unmanipulated faces to appear expanded (Webster & MacLin, 1999). Other studies have shown that adaptation to faces with either expanded or contracted feature spacing causes the adapted feature spacing to appear more normal and more attractive (Rhodes et al., 2003). This effect of adaptation on attractiveness judgments is thought to reflect the correlation between perceived normality and attractiveness (DeBruine et al., 2007;Rhodes et al., 2003).The effects of visual adaptation on face perception occur when the same individuals (see, e.g., Yamashita, Hardy, De Valois, & Webster, 2005) and when different individuals (see, e.g., Rhodes et al., 2003;Yamashita et al., 2005) are shown at adaptation and test. Furthermore, aftereffects for normality and attractiveness judgments of faces occur when the faces shown during the adaptation and test phases differ in size (e.g., Bestelmeyer et al., 2008;Little et al., 2005) or in orientation (e.g., Jeffery, Rhodes, & Busey, 2006;Rhodes et al., 2003), suggesting that face aftereffects reflect adaptation of neurons that code high-level aspects of faces, rather than low-level (e.g. University of Stirling, Stirling, ScotlandWe investigated the effects of adaptation to mouth shapes associated with different spoken sounds (sustained / / or / /) on visual perception of lip speech. Participants were significantly more likely to label ambiguous faces on an / /-to-/ / continuum as saying / / following adaptation to / / mouth shapes than they were in a preadaptation test. By contrast, participants were significantly less likely to label the ambiguous faces as saying / / following adaptation to / / mouth shapes than they were in a preadaptation test. The magnitude of these aftereffects was equivalent when the same individual was shown in the adaptation and test phases of the experiment and when different individuals were presented in the adaptation and test phases. These findings present novel evidence that adaptation to natural variations in facial appearance influences face perception, and they extend previous research on face aftereffects to visual perception of lip speech.

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Adaptation to different mouth shapes influences visual perception of ambiguous lip speech

Jones

Feinberg

Bestelmeyer

et al. 2010

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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“…A simple opponent coding scheme predicts no change in responses after either type of adaptation. When tested on such a task, eye gaze direction (Calder et al, 2008) and head direction aftereffects (Lawson, Clifford, & Calder, 2011) both followed the pattern of changes predicted by a multichannel code.Burton and colleagues (2015) applied this paradigm to the study of facial expression aftereffects. Adapting to an expressionless face resulted in a robust narrowing of the range of faces participants placed in the middle category, while adapting alternatingly to distinct expressions produced a smaller but significant narrowing of the central category (Burton et al, 2015).…”

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Norms are Not the Norm: Testing Theories of Sensory Encoding Using Visual Aftereffects

Storrs¹

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A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Queensland in 2015School of Psychology A B S T R A C TThe goal of visual neuroscience is to explain how patterns of neural activity give rise to visual experiences. Here I use visual aftereffects to explore the computational principles underlying the perception of simple, intermediate, and complex forms (orientations, shapes, and faces). Aftereffects occur when exposure to one stimulus changes the appearance of a subsequent stimulus. In the tilt aftereffect, for example, staring at a left-tilted line can make a vertical line seem briefly to lean to the right. Aftereffects are thought to be caused by neural adaptation -changes in the responsiveness of neurons after prolonged stimulation.Visual aftereffects allow us to probe sensory encoding, because adaptation within different encoding schemes can predict different patterns of perceptual aftereffect. I focus on two theories of encoding prominent in the face recognition literature. According to norm-based accounts, faces are represented in terms of how they deviate from a unique norm, such as the average of all experienced faces. Similar proposals have been raised in other contexts, for example to encode the aspect ratio of shapes. Norm-based encoding can be implemented by a population in which neurons respond increasingly as a stimulus moves further in the neuron's preferred direction, away from a normative value in stimulus space. Alternatively, exemplar-based accounts propose that faces are encoded in terms of their similarity to a number of previously-experienced exemplars. Exemplar-based encoding can be implemented by a population of non-monotonically tuned neurons that prefer particular points in stimulus space, rather than directions.Norm-based and exemplar-based accounts make distinct predictions for the pattern of aftereffects one should experience following adaptation. Norm-based encoding is associated with renormalisation, in which the adapting stimulus appears more 'neutral' or 'average' after prolonged viewing, and the appearances of other stimuli are altered in the same fashion (e.g. after adapting to a male face, all faces should look more feminine).Exemplar-based encoding is associated with 'local repulsion,' in which the adapting stimulus appears unchanged, but differences between it and subsequent stimuli are exaggerated (e.g. after adapting to a male face, a very masculine face should look even more masculine, while an androgynous or female face should look more feminine).Over the past fifteen years, norm-based theories of shape and face encoding have gained traction, ostensibly supported by evidence from aftereffects. In Chapter 1, I review this evidence, and relate it to an older debate concerning the role of norms in orientation perception. I conclude that the evidence for renormalisation in form perception is under-2 3 whelming. In Chapter 2 I empirically address the most recent evidence for orientation renormalisation. I show that these data likely arise from an ...

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Neural Abnormalities in Early-Onset and Adolescence-Onset Conduct Disorder

Passamonti¹,

Fairchild²,

Goodyer³

et al. 2010

Arch Gen Psychiatry

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Visual representation of eye gaze is coded by a nonopponent multichannel system.

Cited by 102 publications

References 48 publications

Adaptation to different mouth shapes influences visual perception of ambiguous lip speech

Adaptation to different mouth shapes influences visual perception of ambiguous lip speech

Norms are Not the Norm: Testing Theories of Sensory Encoding Using Visual Aftereffects

Neural Abnormalities in Early-Onset and Adolescence-Onset Conduct Disorder

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