Visual recognition memory for complex configurations

Goldstein, Alvin G.; Chance, June E.

doi:10.3758/bf03212641

Cited by 175 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Others have reported similar results (e.g., Lewin, Wolgers & Herlitz, 2001;McGivern et al, 1997). Somewhat conflicting findings are reported for object recognition of nameable and abstract pictures, showing both female and male advantage, or no sex differences (Cherney & Ryalls, 1999;Goldstein & Chance, 1970;Lewin et al, 2001;McGivern et al, 1997;Postma et al, 2004). The conflicting results can reflect sex differences in interest and prior knowledge of the items included in the memory task (see, e.g., McKelvie, Standing, St. Jean & Law, 1993;McGivern et al, 1997).…”

Section: Episodic Memorymentioning

confidence: 51%

The Role of Gender in Face Recognition

Rehnman¹

2007

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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-EnglishFaces constitute one of the most important stimuli for humans. Studies show that women recognize more faces than men, and that females are particularly able to recognize female faces, thus exhibiting an own-sex bias. In the present thesis, three empirical studies investigated the generality of sex differences in face recognition and the female own-sex bias. Study I explored men's and women's face recognition performance for Bangladeshi and Swedish female and male faces of adults and children. Result showed sex differences, favoring women, for all face categories. Study II assessed boys' and girls' ability to recognize female and male faces from two age-and ethnic groups. The result demonstrated that girls recognize more faces than boys do, but that no sex differences were present for Swedish male faces. The results from Study I and II consistently demonstrate that females show reliable own-sex biases independent of whether the female faces were young, old, or of Bangladeshi or Swedish origin. In an attempt to explain the mechanisms of sex differences in face recognition and the female own-sex bias, Study III investigated men's and women's recognition performance for androgynous faces, either labeled "men", "women", or "faces". The result showed that women told to remember "women" recognized more faces than women told to remember faces labeled "men" or "faces", and that sex differences were present for androgynous faces, regardless of the label. Based on these findings, it is suggested that females' attention is in particular directed towards other females, resulting in an own-sex bias. It is also suggested that there may be a difference in females' and males' orientation toward other individuals. This difference can have a biological base, which together with socialization may result in sex differences in face recognition.Keywords: Face recognition, Sex differences, Own-sex bias, Own-group bias, Attention, Biology, Socialization, Psychobiosocial Sammanfattning -SvenskaAnsikten utgör troligtvis de allra viktigaste objekten för människors sociala samspel. Forskning visar att kvinnor generellt kommer ihåg fler ansikten än män och att flickor och kvinnor är särskilt bra på att minnas andra kvinnors ansikten -de visar en "own-sex bias". "Own-sex bias" innebär att personer är bättre på att minnas ansikten av individer av samma kön i jämförelse med ansikten av personer av motsatt kön. Ett fåtal tidigare studier har undersökt könsskillnader i ansiktsigenkänning. I avhandlingen undersöks hur allmän-giltig könsskillnad i ansiktsigenkänning är och hur allmängiltig kvinnlig "own-sex bias" är. I Studie I studerades kvinnors och mäns förmåga att minnas bangladeshiska och svenska flick-, pojk-, kvinno-och mansansikten. Resultatet visar att kvinnor minns fler ansikten oavsett kategori. I Studie II undersöktes flickors och pojkars förmåga att minnas bangladeshiska och svenska flick-, pojk-, kvinno-och mansansikten. Resultaten i Studie II replikerar resultaten från Studie I, då flickor kände igen fler ansikten än...

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Section: Episodic Memorymentioning

confidence: 51%

The Role of Gender in Face Recognition

Rehnman¹

2007

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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“…For example, researchers have proposed that increased contact with other-race individuals may increase memory performance by (a) reducing the likelihood of stereotypic responses and increasing the likelihood that individuals may look for more individuating information (Malpass, 1981;Shepherd, 1981), (b) influencing individuals' motivation to accurately recognize other-race persons through associated social rewards and punishments (Malpass, 1990), or (c) reducing the perceived complexity of unfamiliar other-race faces (Goldstein & Chance, 1971). Two major approaches to investigating contact are to examine groups of individuals differing in their degree of other-race contact or to assess individuals' self-reported contact with other-race persons.…”

Section: Interracial Contactmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thirty years of investigating the own-race bias in memory for faces: A meta-analytic review.

Meissner

Brigham²

2001

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law

1,397

111

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The current article reviews the own-race bias (ORB) phenomenon in memory for human faces, the finding that own-race faces are better remembered when compared with memory for faces of another, less familiar race. Data were analyzed from 39 research articles, involving 91 independent samples and nearly 5,000 participants. Measures of hit and false alarm rates, and aggregate measures of discrimination accuracy and response criterion were examined, including an analysis of 8 study moderators. Several theoretical relationships were also assessed (i.e., the influence of racial attitudes and interracial contact). Overall, results indicated a "mirror effect" pattern in which own-race faces yielded a higher proportion of hits and a lower proportion of false alarms compared with other-race faces. Consistent with this effect, a significant ORB was also found in aggregate measures of discrimination accuracy and response criterion. The influence of perceptual learning and differentiation processes in the ORB are discussed, in addition to the practical implications of this phenomenon.

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“…For Wright et al, this was necessary so that cross-species comparisons could be facilitated; for the distinctiveness theory at this stage of development, it is necessary because verbal mediation could lead to re-presentations of a given stimulus at positions in the list other than the original. Because distinctiveness is based on an item's temporal (rather than simply serial or ordinal) position in the list, it is necessary to use stimuli that have been shown to be unaffected by verbal mediation even when explicit verbal associations are required by the task (see, e.g., Goldstein & Chance, 1970). It should also be noted that while primacy and recency effects can be observed when subjects rehearse, they can also be observed when there is little or no evidence of verbal rehearsal (Greene, 1986;Neath, in press).…”

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confidence: 99%

Distinctiveness and serial position effects in recognition

1993

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Digitized photographs of snowflakes were presented for a recognition test after retention intervals of varying durations. While overall accuracy and discrimination remained constant, as the retention interval increased, primacy increased from chance to reliably better than chance while recency decreased to chance levels. A variation of Murdock's (1960) distinctiveness model accounted for the changing primacy and recency effects observed in both between-and within-subjects designs. The generality of the model was examined in two different paradigms: lexical access during sentence processing, and free recall in the continual distractor paradigm. In both cases, the model made accurate qualitative predictions for both latency and accuracy measures.Recently, there has been a flurry of articles concerned with the idea that recollection of an item, in a variety of different tasks and paradigms, depends critically on its distinctiveness-that is, on the degree to which a given item stands out among the other items in the set (e.g., Crowder & Neath, 1991; Gardiner & Hampton, 1988;Glenberg & Swanson, 1986; Johnson, 1991;McDaniel & Einstein, 1986;Neath & Crowder, 1990;Schmidt, 1991). The idea, of course, is not new: first formulated verbally by Koffka (1935), and then quantitatively by Murdock (1960), the central idea can be traced back to Aristotle (Burnham, 1888). In this paper, I demonstrate that a variation of Murdock's model of distinctiveness can account for serial position effects observed in recognition memory and that this model can be applied to other paradigms as well.Murdock (1960) defined distinctiveness as the extent to which a given stimulus "stands out" (p. 17) from other stimuli and noted that "the concept of distinctiveness refers to the relationship between a given stimulus and one or more comparison stimuli, and if there are no comparison stimuli the concept of distinctiveness is simply not applicable" (p. 21). By means of an analogy with visual perception, one can demonstrate that just as the insertion of space between items in the visual field should make them more distinctive spatially, the addition of an interval between items in a list will make them more distinctive temporally (Glenberg & Swanson, 1986;Neath & Crowder, 1990). An item can also be made more disSome of these results were presented at the 33rd annual meeting of the Psychonomic Society, St. Louis, November 1992. I wish to thank Vincent Biedron, Michelle Hrabovsky, and Victoria Smejkal for running the subjects in Experiment I, and Kimberly Croley for running the subjects in Experiment 2. In addition, I thank Robert G. Crowder and Aimee M. Surprenant for helpful and insightful discussions. Correspondence concerning this article may be addressed to 1. Neath, 1364 Psychological Sciences Building, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1364 (e-mail: neath@brazil.psych.purdue.edu).tinct by the manipulation of physical properties (Calkins, 1894;von Restorff, 1933), or, presumably, of any other dimension of interest. This view of distincti...

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Visual recognition memory for complex configurations

Cited by 175 publications

References 22 publications

The Role of Gender in Face Recognition

The Role of Gender in Face Recognition

Thirty years of investigating the own-race bias in memory for faces: A meta-analytic review.

Distinctiveness and serial position effects in recognition

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