Visual pigments of frog and tadpole (Rana pipiens)

Liebman, Paul A.; Entine, G.

doi:10.1016/0042-6989(68)90128-4

Cited by 396 publications

(207 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The extinction coefficients used are: all-trans retinol, 51770 cm −1 M −1 (325 nm); syn all-trans retinal oxime, 55600 cm −1 M −1 (357 nm); anti all-trans retinal oxime, 51700 cm −1 M −1 (361 nm) (34). The fraction of all-trans retinol was calculated from the relative amounts and converted to concentration using a total chromophore outer segment concentration of 2.5 mmol/L (27). We estimated the efficiency of the extraction procedure for different retinoids using purified bovine ROS membranes with added all-trans retinal and alltrans retinol.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only metabolically competent cells (23,26) were used for retinol fluorescence imaging experiments. Most of the cells are expected to be the rhodopsin-containing "red" rods, which comprise the overwhelming majority of the rod population in frog retinas (27). Image acquisition and analysis were carried out using the Intelligent Imaging Innovations (Denver, CO) software.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…P 0 is the concentration of rhodopsin present in outer segments. For Rana pipiens rod outer segments, P 0 = 2.5 mmol/L (27).…”

Section: Data Analysis and Kinetic Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interphotoreceptor Retinoid-Binding Protein Is the Physiologically Relevant Carrier That Removes Retinol from Rod Photoreceptor Outer Segments

Blakeley

Cornwall

et al. 2007

Biochemistry

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Light detection by vertebrate rod photoreceptor outer segments results in the destruction of the visual pigment, rhodopsin, as its retinyl moiety is photoisomerized from 11-cis to all-trans. The regeneration of rhodopsin is necessary for vision and begins with the release of the all-trans retinal and its reduction to all-trans retinol. Retinol is then transported out of the rod outer segment for further processing. We used fluorescence imaging to monitor retinol fluorescence and quantify the kinetics of its formation and clearance after rhodopsin bleaching in the outer segments of living isolated frog (Rana pipiens) rod photoreceptors. We independently measured the release of all-trans retinal from bleached rhodopsin in frog rod outer segment membranes and the rate of all-trans retinol removal by the lipophilic carriers interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP) and serum albumin. We find that the kinetics of all-trans retinol formation in frog rod outer segments after rhodopsin bleaching are to a good first approximation determined by the kinetics of all-trans retinal release from the bleached pigment. For the physiological concentrations of carriers, the rate of retinol removal from the outer segment is determined by the IRBP concentration, while the effect of serum albumin is negligible. The results indicate the presence of a specific interaction between IRBP and rod outer segment, probably mediated by a receptor. The effect of different concentrations of IRBP on the rate of retinol removal shows no cooperativity and has an EC 50 of 40 μmol/L.The vertebrate cells responsible for vision are the rod and cone photoreceptors of the retina that convert incoming light to an electrical signal. This conversion takes place in the photoreceptor outer segments, which are full of membrane disks containing the visual pigment, and, in a physiologically important arrangement, are enveloped by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The visual pigment is composed of a chromophore, 11-cis retinal, attached to an integral membrane protein, opsin. The detection of light begins with the absorption of incoming photons by the visual pigment. An absorbed photon isomerizes the chromophore † Supported by NIH/NEI grants EY14850 (YK), EY04939 (RKC) , NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript moiety from 11-cis to all-trans bringing about a conformational change that initiates a cascade of reactions culminating in membrane potential change. The recovery of the cell from light involves the deactivation of the intermediates activated by light, and the reestablishment of membrane potential (1,2). However, the isomerized chromophore, all-trans retinal, remains. For vision to be possible, it is essential that the visual pigment regenerate: that is, the alltrans retinal has to be removed, and fresh 11-cis retinal has to be provided to combine with opsin and reform the visual pigment. The reactions regenerating the pigment are known as the Visual Cycle (3-5).In the case of the rod photoreceptors, t...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interphotoreceptor Retinoid-Binding Protein Is the Physiologically Relevant Carrier That Removes Retinol from Rod Photoreceptor Outer Segments

Blakeley

Cornwall

et al. 2007

Biochemistry

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“…Amphibian retinas also contain cones (Liebman and Entine, 1968) which absorb maximally at 575 nm, and the cone population in the toad retina is substantial (Zhang and Straznicky, 1991), but their size and their percentage of total photopigment is small compared to the rods. Furthermore, a cone contribution to the b-wave could not be detected when a comparison was made between responses to 500 and 600 nm illumination at light intensities used in this study.…”

Section: Light-evoked Po 2 Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Light-evoked oxygen responses in the isolated toad retina

Haugh-Scheidt

Griff

Linsenmeier

1995

Experimental Eye Research

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Transient changes in retinal oxygen in response to light stimuli were studied to further understand the light-evoked change in oxygen consumption. Double-barreled microelectrodes, which measured oxygen and local voltage simultaneously, were positioned near the photoreceptor inner segments of the toad neural retina-retinal pigment epithelium--choroid preparation. Light-evoked oxygen responses were measured in a normal [Na ÷] solution, and in a test solution with lowered extracellular [Na ÷] to inhibit Na*/K * pumping. Under the normal [Na+] condition, retinal oxygen tension increased in response to light indicating that oxygen utilization had decreased. When the Na ÷ concentration was lowered in the retina, the oxygen tension decreased in response to light, indicating an increase in oxygen utilization which was smaller than the Na÷/K ÷ pump effect and therefore masked under normal conditions, The increase in oxygen utilization in lowered [Na ÷] was suppressed by adding 0-7 mM 3-isobutyl-l-methyl-xanthine, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, suggesting that the response was largely due to hydrolysis and subsequent resynthesis of cyclic GMP. Results of fitting the light-evoked responses to exponential functions suggested that the decrease in oxygen consumption caused by slowing of the photoreceptor Na+/K ÷ ATPase had a time constant between 130 and 180 sec and that the increase in oxygen utilization from increased cyclic GMP synthesis was faster.

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“…2b). Only colour vision was tested in this experiment as previous studies have suggested that anurans are only visually sensitive to the visible proportion of the electromagnetic spectrum (Liebman and Entine, 1968;Partridge et al, 1992). …”

Section: Quantifying Foraging Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of carotenoid supplementation at different life-stages on the foraging performance of the Southern Corroboree frog (Pseudophryne corroboree): A test of the Silver Spoon and Environmental Matching Hypotheses

McInerney

Silla

Byrne

2016

Behavioural Processes

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Organismal performance can be significantly affected by the nutritional conditions experienced during different life-stages. The Silver Spoon Hypothesis predicts that individuals will always perform better as adults when they experience advantageous conditions during development. In contrast, the Environmental Matching Hypothesis predicts that individuals will perform better if they experience similar conditions during development and adulthood. Past tests of these hypotheses have focussed on the effect of food quantity on growth and development, with little attempt to investigate the effect of individual nutrients on behavioural traits. This study aimed to test the predictions of the Environmental Matching and Silver Spoon Hypotheses by investigating the influence of carotenoid supplementation at different life-stages on the foraging performance of Pseudophryne corroboree. To assess foraging performance, adults were presented with prey in either a cryptic or conspicuous foraging matrix. There was no effect of diet treatment on time to first movement towards prey, number of stalking events, time spent actively foraging, proportion of successful strikes, proportion of prey consumed or number of pedal luring events. These findings indicate that carotenoid supplementation at different life-stages does not influence the foraging performance of P. corroboree, providing no support for either the Silver Spoon or Environmental Matching Hypotheses. AbstractOrganismal performance can be significantly affected by the nutritional conditions experienced during different life-stages. The Silver Spoon Hypothesis predicts that individuals will always perform better as adults when they experience advantageous conditions during development. In contrast, the Environmental Matching Hypothesis predicts that individuals will perform better if they experience similar conditions during development and adulthood. Past tests of these hypotheses have focussed on the effect of food quantity on growth and development, with little attempt to investigate the effect of individual nutrients on behavioural traits. This study aimed to test the predictions of the Environmental Matching and Silver Spoon Hypotheses by investigating the influence of carotenoid supplementation at different life-stages on the foraging performance of Pseudophryne corroboree. To assess foraging performance, adults were presented with prey in either a cryptic or conspicuous foraging matrix. There was no effect of diet treatment on time to first movement towards prey, number of stalking events, time spent actively foraging, proportion of successful strikes, proportion of prey consumed or number of pedal luring events. These findings indicate that carotenoid supplementation at different life-stages does not influence the foraging performance of P. corroboree, providing no support for either the Silver Spoon or Environmental Matching Hypotheses.

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Visual pigments of frog and tadpole (Rana pipiens)

Cited by 396 publications

References 28 publications

Interphotoreceptor Retinoid-Binding Protein Is the Physiologically Relevant Carrier That Removes Retinol from Rod Photoreceptor Outer Segments

Interphotoreceptor Retinoid-Binding Protein Is the Physiologically Relevant Carrier That Removes Retinol from Rod Photoreceptor Outer Segments

Light-evoked oxygen responses in the isolated toad retina

The influence of carotenoid supplementation at different life-stages on the foraging performance of the Southern Corroboree frog (Pseudophryne corroboree): A test of the Silver Spoon and Environmental Matching Hypotheses

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