Visual perception of materials and surfaces

Abstract

a process that requires the delivery of membrane vesicles to the intercellular bridge and membrane fusion events. What remains to be explored?The necessity for precise spatial and temporal control of cytokinesis to ensure that chromosome segregation and cytokinesis are coordinated is universal. Different cell sizes and geometries, the presence or absence of cell-cell contacts with neighbors, and the type of substrate on which cells are growing might influence which molecular mechanisms are most important for cytokinesis in a particular system. Nonetheless, much of the core molecular machinery is conserved in divergent species. For example, many of the proteins discussed here are also involved in regulating cytokinesis in fission yeast and budding yeast. The relative simplicity of these model systems has allowed researchers to identify a quantitative parts list of the proteins involved in cytokinesis, and these studies can be highly instructive for our understanding of how cytokinesis works in animal cells. Many important questions remain to be answered about how the contractile ring is specified, assembles, and constricts. Some of these include: what defines different populations of microtubules that deliver stimulatory and inhibitory signals to the cortex? How are certain microtubules stabilized at the cell equator? Are there additional mechanisms that regulate Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 activity during cytokinesis? What links the contractile ring to the plasma membrane? And how does the contractile ring work in a variety of in vivo contexts?Where can I find out more?

Statistical correlates of perceived gloss in natural images

“…Other concepts must have been involved in the choices observers made. This parallels previous work with artificial stimuli that has outlined the importance of surface shape and illumination geometry for perceived glossiness (see for example Anderson & Kim, 2009;Beck & Pradzny, 1981;Berzhanskaya et al, 2005;Doerschner, Boyaci, & Maloney, 2010;Fleming, Dror, & Adelson 2003;Ho Landy, & Maloney, 2008;Kim & Anderson, 2010;Kim, Marlow, & Anderson, 2011;Marlow, Kim, & Anderson, 2012;Olkkonen & Brainard, 2010, 2011Pont & te Pas, 2006;te Pas & Pont, 2005). It is an important next step to see how these properties relate to our findings for gloss perception in natural images.…”

“…Human observers are remarkably good at perceiving the material qualities of objects (for review, see Adelson, 2001;Anderson, 2011;Fleming, 2014) and at making fast and accurate judgments of material categories (Sharan, 2009;Sharan, Rosenholtz, & Adelson, 2009, 2014Wiebel, Valsecchi, & Gegenfurtner, 2013). This is true even though the underlying physical processes, including ray optics and differential geometry, can be quite complex (Blake & Bülthoff, 1990).…”

“…It is frequently assumed that certain statistical regularities of the visual input co-vary with certain surface properties, being diagnostic for material appearances. Thus, the extraction of simple image statistics has been suggested as a useful heuristic, resulting in appropriate information for the recovery of a surface's properties (see for example, Anderson, 2011;Fleming, 2012;Thompson et al, 2011;Toscani, Valsecchi, & Gegenfurtner, 2013a, 2013b.…”

“…Disentangling the different sources of information that define the appearance of a surface is not trivial at all, as many different combinations of the underlying factors can generate one and the same image. Therefore, material perception seems to be a highly challenging task for the visual system (see for example, Anderson, 2011;Fleming, 2014;Thompson et al, 2011). It is frequently assumed that certain statistical regularities of the visual input co-vary with certain surface properties, being diagnostic for material appearances.…”

Investigating perceptual qualities of static surface appearance using real materials and displayed images

“…Most of these studies have focused on the visual estimation of the specific properties of materials (Anderson, 2011;Thompson, Fleming, Creem-Regehr, & Stefanucci, 2011;Zaidi, 2011), such as glossiness (Fleming, Dror, & Adelson, 2003;Motoyoshi & Matoba, 2012;Nishida & Shinya, 1998), translucency (Fleming & Bülthoff, 2005 Maloney, 2011;Motoyoshi, 2010), or roughness (Padilla, Drbohlav, Green, Spence, & Chantler, 2008;Pont & Koenderink, 2005;Pont & Koenderink, 2008). Taken together, these findings support the general idea that the human visual system can estimate the properties of materials from relatively low-level vision features.…”