Visual intensity judgments: An empirical rule and a theory.

Warren, Richard M.

doi:10.1037/h0026732

Cited by 153 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Confirmation of such predictions has been reported for a number of sensations other than loudness (see Warren and Warren, 1956;Warren, 1958;Warren, 1969). We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship.…”

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Quantification of Loudness

Warren¹

1973

The American Journal of Psychology

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JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. University of Illinois Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The American Journal of Psychology.The present study employed 600 subjects and extended earlier experiments under 'ideal' conditions to white noise. When known experimental biases were eliminated, half loudness was equal to half sound-pressure level (-6 dB) from 45 through 90 dB. The same simple relation held whether stimulation was through headphones or loudspeaker, and whether responses were numerical estimates or marks on a linear loudness scale. These findings and other evidence support the physical-correlate theory of sensory intensity and suggest that quantitative estimates of sensation are based not on the quantitative nature of sensory events as such but rather on the external events and relations they signify.When asked to judge the intensity of sensation, subjects do so with a fair degree of agreement for any given set of conditions. How is this accomplished? Do they sense directly the amount of neural excitation? Or do they estimate physical values associated with the stimulus?Patterns of neural input from our exteroceptors normally signify conditions in our environment. They are evaluated by our central nervous system, not as signals describing internal physiological events, but rather as signals describing external events associated with this neural input. This compelling association of sensory patterns with stimulus characteristics has led to the theory that estimates of sensory magnitudes (and the derived sensory scales) are based on estimates of physical magnitudes. It follows that if a certain percentage of the stimulus intensity is judged to be half subjective magnitude at one level, the same percentage should be judged half subjective magnitude at other stimulus levels (Warren, 1958). Stated as a general rule, this 'physical-correlate theory' requires that equal stimulus ratios produce equal subjective ratios. Experimental data fitting this rule have been used to derive a psychophysical power function (Plateau, 1872; Stevens, 1959).In addition to providing an explanation for the empirical psychophysical power law, the physical-correlate theory leads to quantitative predictions for individual modalities. Confirmation of such predictions has been reported for a number of sensations other than loudness (see Warren and Warren, 1956;Warren, 1958;Warren, 1969). PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions WARREN Loudness judgments are considered by this theory to derive from the ability of listeners to estimate the changes in stimulation associated with changes in distance, so that half loudness should be equivalent to estimates of doubling distance from the soun...

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confidence: 58%

“…Confirmation of such predictions has been reported for a number of sensations other than loudness (see Warren and Warren, 1956;Warren, 1958;Warren, 1969). Confirmation of such predictions has been reported for a number of sensations other than loudness (see Warren and Warren, 1956;Warren, 1958;Warren, 1969).…”

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confidence: 60%

Quantification of Loudness

Warren¹

1973

The American Journal of Psychology

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“…There is evidence (Curtis, 1970)that group category judgments of brightness differences are linearly related to differences between judgments of a single brightness. Due to the similarity between these two continua (Warren, 1969), the same conclusion should apply also to lightness. But this is not absolutely certain in the present stimulus conditions.…”

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confidence: 98%

The valuation of the apparent density of a filter on a bicolored background

Masin

Gardonio

1985

Perception & Psychophysics

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When the transmittance of a filter on a bicolored background is varied, the lightness differences that vary are those between the filter and the background and that between the parts inside the filter. It is hypothesized that these are the differences of importance for the valuation of the apparent density of the transparent layer. The results of two experiments seem to show that the rated apparent density does not depend only on the lightness difference inside the filter, or only on the two lightness differences between the filter and the background. All three lightness differences would enter the valuation mechanism. An averaging model is proposed.

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“…To a first approximation, at least, there seems to be a simple linear relationship between errors in value and colorimetric purity. Warren (1967Warren ( , 1969) also points to other simple relationships in the judgment of colors. These involve the square root law which relates subjective intensities to the square root of a variety of physical measures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The psychological relationship between lightness and saturation

Davidoff

1974

Perception & Psychophysics

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Lightness and saturation, though independent in a physical sense, have often been seen to be psychologically related. The first experiment uses a multidimensional scaling technique to again verify this nonindependence for untrained as. A further experiment, using a matching technique, quantifies this relationship, giving the extent of the error in lightness for varying levels of saturation. This relationship is found to be independent of hue if saturation is measured by the colorimetric purity of the hue. Errors in value (lightness on the Munsell system) were found to be linearly related to colorimetric purity.

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Visual intensity judgments: An empirical rule and a theory.

Cited by 153 publications

References 47 publications

Quantification of Loudness

Quantification of Loudness

The valuation of the apparent density of a filter on a bicolored background

The psychological relationship between lightness and saturation

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