Visual implications of digital device usage in school children: a cross-sectional study

Ichhpujani, Parul; Singh, Rohan; Foulsham, William; Thakur, Sahil; Lamba, Amtoj Singh

doi:10.1186/s12886-019-1082-5

Cited by 74 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Smartphones and laptops were the most frequently used devices reported in similar studies by Ichhpujani et al and Margareta et al 20,21 Students used digital devices mainly for social networking and college projects.…”

Section: Digital Device Preferencementioning

confidence: 67%

A cross sectional overview of digital eye strain: a growing health concern in this digital age in central India (Madhya Pradesh)

Sanodiya

Kujur

Sirohi

et al. 2019

Int J Community Med Public Health

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Background: The physical discomfort and collection of symptoms after digital screen use for longer than two hours at a time is referred by the Vision Council as digital eye strain (DES). Common symptoms of DES are eyestrain, headache, blurred vision, dry eyes and pain in neck and shoulders. This study aims to know about the prevalence; factors associated with and awareness about preventive measures for DES among college students.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted for 2 months in 2017 among randomly selected 200 college students of 20 to 30 years of age in Indore city of Madhya Pradesh using a pre-designed semi-structured questionnaire.Results: Mean age of participants was 22.5 years; of which 58% were females. Of the respondents, 89.5% (179 students) reported experiencing DES. Average distance from digital screen, brightness level of digital device, use of digital device before going to sleep and awareness about appropriate distance of digital screen from eyes had statistically significant association with having digital eye strain. 98% of respondents were unaware of the term DES while >60% did not have knowledge about the harmful blue light emitted by digital devices, protective use of digital screen filters, appropriate distance of viewing digital screen and the 20-20-20 rule of taking breaks in between screen time.Conclusions: Since digital device use is a necessary evil; better ergonomic practices to avoid DES should be adopted. Opportunistic health promotion and patient education undertaken by ophthalmologists on an OPD basis is one solution.

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Section: Digital Device Preferencementioning

confidence: 67%

A cross sectional overview of digital eye strain: a growing health concern in this digital age in central India (Madhya Pradesh)

Sanodiya

Kujur

Sirohi

et al. 2019

Int J Community Med Public Health

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“…Further biases may come from the years between data collection, as recent evidence from studies in adults suggests that the rapid increase in the use of computers and handheld devices has led to an increase in symptomology [44,63]. It is pertinent to note that the data from the current study was collected at a time not dissimilar to the other studies already mentioned.…”

Section: Prevalence Of Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…In general, increasing symptom prevalence has been found with increasing age [61,62]. Rouse et al [62] found an increase in CISS scores of 2.6 when comparing the scores of adults to children, presumably due to greater periods of prolonged near work for adults [61] and increased duration of handheld electronic devices for leisure [44]. Our students were on average nearly 2 years older (13.17 ± 1.4 years) than those in the CITT group's [41] earlier study (mean 11.4 ± 2.2 years), and this age difference may account for a portion of the increase in symptoms found in our students.…”

Section: Prevalence Of Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ophthalmic testing such as subjective refraction and extensive investigation of binocular vision status was excluded in order to determine whether the variables open to screening by a layperson in an educational setting could be indicative of the requirement for further assessment. It is important to acquire an early understanding of manageable factors in the aetiology of a child's asthenopic symptoms engendered by our modern lifestyle [44], so as to minimise the adverse impact of asthenopia upon the individual's education [37,[45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unexpectedly high prevalence of asthenopia in Australian school children identified by the CISS survey tool

Junghans

Azizoglu

2020

BMC Ophthalmol

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Background To date there have been few systematic attempts to establish the general prevalence of asthenopia in unselected populations of school-aged children. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether the incorporation of Borsting et al’s 2003 Revised Convergence-Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) into a general school vision screening could aid in the identification of children with visual discomfort and indicate the need for further investigation. Methods Vision screening of an unselected middle school population investigated and analysed the incidence of self-reported nearwork-related visual discomfort via the CISS along with distance and near visual acuities plus non-cycloplegic autorefraction using a Shin-Nippon NVision-K 5001. Results Of the 384 unselected students approached in Grades 6–9, 353 participated (92.2%, mean 13.2 ± 1.4 years). The mean CISS score for the population without amblyopia and/or strabismus (96.0% of all students) was 16.8 ± 0.6, i.e., 45% of students in this cohort had CISS scores greater than one standard deviation above the mean found by Borsting et al. in 2003 during their validation study of the CISS on 9 to 18 year old children without binocular anomalies. Regression analyses indicated significantly higher (p < 0.001) mean CISS scores for the 3.2% who were hyperopes ≥ + 2.00D by non-cycloplegic autorefraction (27.7 ± 14.7) and for those who were amblyopic (24.3 ± 6.6) or strabismic (34.0 ± 9.8). The mean CISS score of 31.6 ± 9.0 for non-amblyopic/strabismic students having near vision poorer than 0.1 LogMAR was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than for those with good acuity. Conclusion The most important finding of this study was the high incidence of asthenopia in an unselected population and that refractive status per se was not a major contributor to CISS scores. The results highlight the usefulness of the CISS questionnaire for assessment of visual discomfort in school vision screenings and the need for future exploration of near binocular vision status as a potential driver of asthenopia in school students, especially given current trends for frequent daily use of computers and handheld devices and necessarily prolonged accommodative-convergence effort at near, both at school and at home.

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“…In South Korea, students aged 7-12 years, who used a smartphone for more than 4 h a day over a period of at least 4 months, presented with acute acquired comitant esotropia (17). A study in India (18) included 576 adolescent students and reported a significant correlation in the practice of lying down while using a screen-enabled device to symptoms of digital eye strain (27%). By the end of the day 18% of the students experienced eye strain, attributed to digital screen use.…”

Section: Negative Effects Of Videogaming Problematic Internet Use Amentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Internet and Videogaming Addiction on Adolescent Vision: A Review of the Literature

Mylona

Deres

Dere

et al. 2020

Front. Public Health

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During the past decade, vision problems that were attributed to the use of electronic screens have gradually shifted from being a workplace health issue to a wider public health issue. "Computer vision syndrome" originally related to the few professionals exposed to long hours of work in front of a computer screen. The widespread use of digital screens in devices used throughout the day have led to the emergence of "digital eye strain" as a new clinical syndrome that affects every individual who spends a large period of time fixated on multiple screens, for work or leisure. A new subcategory, "video game vision" has been proposed to specifically address vision issues related to large periods of continuous use of screen enabled devices in order to play video games. With gaming disorder being included in the next version of the WHO classification of diseases (ICD-11), it is becoming increasingly important to have a clear idea of the impact of this disorder in general health and functioning. At the same time, a number of research studies have reported positive impact of videogame playing on the players vision. This article reviews the latest research studies on the impact of digital screen enabled devices on adolescent vision in light of the increasing reports of internet addiction and gaming disorder while referencing positive findings of videogaming on vision in order to provide a balanced approach and assist with classification, diagnosis and treatment, while providing directions for future research.

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Visual implications of digital device usage in school children: a cross-sectional study

Cited by 74 publications

References 26 publications

A cross sectional overview of digital eye strain: a growing health concern in this digital age in central India (Madhya Pradesh)

A cross sectional overview of digital eye strain: a growing health concern in this digital age in central India (Madhya Pradesh)

Unexpectedly high prevalence of asthenopia in Australian school children identified by the CISS survey tool

The Impact of Internet and Videogaming Addiction on Adolescent Vision: A Review of the Literature

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