“…Many of these parameters have been shown to impact human spatial orientation performance (Riecke, Schulte-Pelkum, & Bülthoff, 2005;Riecke et al, 2002;Tan, Gergle, Scupelli, & Pausch, 2006Tan, Gergle, Scupelli, & R.Pausch, 2005;Alfano & Michel, 1990). Moreover, Ruddle and colleagues themselves had demonstrated that replacing an HMD with a desk-top monitor reduces navigation performance in VR, indicated by increased navigation times and less accurate sense of straight-line distances (Ruddle, Payne, & Jones, 1999).…”