Visual Field Map Clusters in Macaque Extrastriate Visual Cortex

Kolster, H.; Mandeville, Joseph B.; Arsenault, John; Ekstrom, L.B.; Wald, Lawrence L.; Vanduffel, Wim

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0518-09.2009

Cited by 162 publications

(217 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Furthermore, we demonstrate that six of these AFMs form a clover leaf cluster called the HG cluster, centered on HG. It is likely that the AFMs surrounding the HG cluster are also roughly half of two additional clover leaf clusters, based on the prevalence of this type of organization in VFMs (4,6,7,(35)(36)(37)40). Our results are consistent with predictions from the widely accepted macaque model of auditory core and belt, based on measurements of tonotopy, periodicity, cytoarchitecture, and connectivity (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…These patterns of the tonotopic and periodotopic gradients are well described by a clover leaf cluster organization such as the organizational pattern also measured by our laboratory and others for VFMs (4,6,7,(35)(36)(37)40). A growing body of evidence on the macrostructure of VFMs in human (4,6,7,9,(35)(36)(37) and macaque visual cortex (40) indicates that VFMs are organized into roughly circular clover leaf VFM clusters. VFMs in a clover leaf cluster are organized such that the central foveal representation of each VFM is positioned in the center of the cluster, with more peripheral representations of space represented in more peripheral positions in the cluster in a smooth, orderly fashion.…”

supporting

confidence: 78%

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Orthogonal acoustic dimensions define auditory field maps in human cortex

Barton

Venezia

Saberi

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

108

152

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The functional organization of human auditory cortex has not yet been characterized beyond a rudimentary level of detail. Here, we use functional MRI to measure the microstructure of orthogonal tonotopic and periodotopic gradients forming complete auditory field maps (AFMs) in human core and belt auditory cortex. These AFMs show clear homologies to subfields of auditory cortex identified in nonhuman primates and in human cytoarchitectural studies. In addition, we present measurements of the macrostructural organization of these AFMs into "clover leaf" clusters, consistent with the macrostructural organization seen across human visual cortex. As auditory cortex is at the interface between peripheral hearing and central processes, improved understanding of the organization of this system could open the door to a better understanding of the transformation from auditory spectrotemporal signals to higher-order information such as speech categories.tonotopy | periodotopy | cochleotopy | temporal receptive field | traveling wave H umans have evolved a highly sophisticated auditory system for the transduction and analysis of acoustic information, such as the spectral content of sounds and the temporal modulation of sound energy. The basilar membrane of the cochlea is organized tonotopically to represent the spectral content of sounds from high to low frequencies. This tonotopic (or cochleotopic) organization is preserved as auditory information is processed and passed on from the cochlea to the superior olive, the inferior colliculus, the medial geniculate nucleus, and into primary auditory cortex. Such cortical preservation of the peripheral sensory topography creates a common topographic sensory matrix in hierarchically organized sensory systems, important for consistent sensory computations. The current state of knowledge of the functional organization of human auditory cortex indicates the existence of multiple cortical subfields organized tonotopically. However, the number of these human cortical subfields, their boundaries, and their orientations relative to anatomical landmarks remain equivocal, due in part to an inability to measure cortical representations of a second acoustic dimension orthogonal to tonotopy to accurately delineate them.This ambiguity of human auditory subfield definitions contrasts dramatically with the current understanding of the functional organization of human visual cortex, in which detailed maps of the organization of the retina, called visual field maps (VFMs), have been well characterized (1-9). In vision, there are two orthogonal dimensions of visual space, eccentricity and polar angle, which together allow for the mapping of cortical representations to unique locations in visual space and the complete delineation of the boundaries of individual visual field maps. In audition, there has been only one dimension of sensory topography clearly mapped in cortex, which makes it impossible to use sensory topography to accurately differentiate specific human cortical auditory field maps (AFM...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

supporting

confidence: 78%

Orthogonal acoustic dimensions define auditory field maps in human cortex

Barton

Venezia

Saberi

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

108

152

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, our fMRI tests did not confirm such a hypothetical curvature patch in ventral V4. However, dorsal-ventral asymmetries have been reported in V4d/V4v, based on both electrophysiology (17) and fMRI maps (46,47). Thus, it is possible that this dorsal-ventral asymmetry is simply reflected in our fMRI results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Curvature-processing network in macaque visual cortex

Yue

Pourladian

Tootell

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Our visual environment abounds with curved features. Thus, the goal of understanding visual processing should include the processing of curved features. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging in behaving monkeys, we demonstrated a network of cortical areas selective for the processing of curved features. This network includes three distinct hierarchically organized regions within the ventral visual pathway: a posterior curvature-biased patch (PCP) located in the near-foveal representation of dorsal V4, a middle curvature-biased patch (MCP) located on the ventral lip of the posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS) in area TEO, and an anterior curvature-biased patch (ACP) located just below the STS in anterior area TE. Our results further indicate that the processing of curvature becomes increasingly complex from PCP to ACP. The proximity of the curvature-processing network to the well-known face-processing network suggests a possible functional link between them.curvature patches | face patches | curved Gabor filters D ecades of research have focused on understanding visual feature processing, particularly along the ventral visual pathway. Such studies have shown that neurons in lower-order visual areas (e.g., V1) respond strongly to simple oriented contours (1), whereas neurons in higher-order visual areas (e.g., inferior temporal cortex) respond selectively to more complex image features and/or visual categories (2-4), in ways that are not yet fully understood. To link these extremes in visual information processing, many studies have aimed to clarify the optimal "trigger" features at intermediate levels of the visual cortical hierarchy.Among these features, stimulus curvature has not been well studied. This is surprising because, strictly, all lines are curved to some extent, except for the single exception of a perfectly straight line. This ubiquity of curved shapes also extends to 3D surfaces (5). In nature, where much of our visual system presumably evolved, perfectly flat surfaces are rare. Even the flattest of natural features (e.g., oceans, sandy beaches) are often curved to some extent, due to wind, water motion, and even the curvature of the earth. Thus, it is important to understand curvature processing to fully unravel the steps in cortical visual processing.Among the few studies to test single neuron responses to curvature per se, Gallant et al. (6,7) reported that a significant percentage of neurons in macaque cortical area V4 is selective for curved stimuli. Intriguingly, these authors also noted that neurons preferring curved patterns were often anatomically clustered together. Subsequently, demonstrated that neurons in the parafoveal representation of dorsal V4 respond robustly to the curvature component of complex shapes. To our knowledge, there have been no systematic studies of curvature at levels below V4 in macaques.Intriguingly, some evidence suggests that the processing of curvature may interact selectively with the processing of faces. For instance, perceptual deficits in face reco...

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“…MT/V5 projects to a number of satellite areas including the fundus of the superior temporal area (FST) and multiple parts of the medial superior temporal area (MST) Komatsu and Wurtz, 1988;Tanaka et al, 1993;Lewis and Van Essen, 2000). Some of the functional properties of MT/V5 can be documented using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): its retinotopic organization (Brewer et al, 2002;Fize et al, 2003;Wandell et al, 2007;Kolster et al, 2009) and its sensitivity to motion, defined by stronger responses to moving than to static stimuli (Vanduffel et al, 2001;Nelissen et al, 2006). Unfortunately, these two criteria are not unique to MT/V5.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Retinotopic Organization of the Human Middle Temporal Area MT/V5 and Its Cortical Neighbors

Kolster¹,

Peeters²,

Orban³

2010

Journal of Neuroscience

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331

395

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Although there is general agreement that the human middle temporal (MT)/V5ϩ complex corresponds to monkey area MT/V5 proper plus a number of neighboring motion-sensitive areas, the identification of human MT/V5 within the complex has proven difficult. Here, we have used functional magnetic resonance imaging and the retinotopic mapping technique, which has very recently disclosed the organization of the visual field maps within the monkey MT/V5 cluster. We observed a retinotopic organization in humans very similar to that documented in monkeys: an MT/V5 cluster that includes areas MT/V5, pMSTv (putative ventral part of the medial superior temporal area), pFST (putative fundus of the superior temporal area), and pV4t (putative V4 transitional zone), and neighbors a more ventral putative human posterior inferior temporal area (phPIT) cluster. The four areas in the MT/V5 cluster and the two areas in the phPIT cluster each represent the complete contralateral hemifield. The complete MT/V5 cluster comprises 70% of the motion localizer activation. Human MT/V5 is located in the region bound by lateral, anterior, and inferior occipital sulci and occupies only one-fifth of the motion complex. It shares the basic functional properties of its monkey homolog: receptive field size relative to other areas, response to moving and static stimuli, as well as sensitivity to three-dimensional structure from motion. Functional properties sharply distinguish the MT/V5 cluster from its immediate neighbors in the phPIT cluster and the LO (lateral occipital) regions. Together with similarities in retinotopic organization and topological neighborhood, the functional properties suggest that MT/V5 in human and macaque cortex are homologous.

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Visual Field Map Clusters in Macaque Extrastriate Visual Cortex

Cited by 162 publications

References 44 publications

Orthogonal acoustic dimensions define auditory field maps in human cortex

Orthogonal acoustic dimensions define auditory field maps in human cortex

Curvature-processing network in macaque visual cortex

The Retinotopic Organization of the Human Middle Temporal Area MT/V5 and Its Cortical Neighbors

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