Visual duration threshold as a function of word-probability.

Howes, Davis; Solomon, Richard L.

doi:10.1037/h0056020

Cited by 402 publications

(229 citation statements)

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“…Not all definitions are equally significant in order to understand how CSR is defined; the most frequently used definition is more significant than a definition rarely used. This principle has been used by linguists for a long time (Howes and Solomon, 1951;Kageura and Umino, 1996;Murphy, 1992, Blair et al, 2002.…”

Section: How Corporate Social Responsibility Is Definedmentioning

confidence: 99%

How corporate social responsibility is defined: an analysis of 37 definitions

Dahlsrud

2006

Corp Soc Responsibility Env

3,055

1,940

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Despite numerous efforts to bring about a clear and unbiased definition of CSR, there is still some confusion as to how CSR should be defined. In this paper five dimensions of CSR are developed through a content analysis of existing CSR definitions. Frequency counts are used to analyse how often these dimensions are invoked. The analysis shows that the existing definitions are to a large degree congruent. Thus it is concluded that the confusion is not so much about how CSR is defined, as about how CSR is socially constructed in a specific context.

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Section: How Corporate Social Responsibility Is Definedmentioning

confidence: 99%

How corporate social responsibility is defined: an analysis of 37 definitions

Dahlsrud

2006

Corp Soc Responsibility Env

3,055

1,940

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“…A variety of response measures has established that recognition of lowfrequency words is poorer than recognition of high-frequency words (e.g., Howes & Solomon, 1951). Superior performance on high-frequency words may be observed either in the speed of the response when the stimulus information is sufficient to support accurate performance, as in most reactiontime paradigms (e.g., Marslen-Wilson, 1987) or in the accuracy of the response when the stimulus is degraded (e.g., Luce, 1986;Goldinger, Luce, & Pisoni, 1989).…”

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confidence: 99%

Time Course of Frequency Effects in Spoken-Word Recognition: Evidence from Eye Movements

Dahan

Magnuson

Tanenhaus

2001

Cognitive Psychology

333

334

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“…Thus, twelve studies fmding significant effects were cited (e.g., Howes & Solomon, 1951), with one exception showing a trend in the same direction (Orenstein & Meighan, 1976). Likewise, the five original experiments I reported found rated familiarity to correlate +.33 (p < .001) with overall recognition.…”

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confidence: 99%

Word attributes and lateralization revisited: Implications for dual coding and discrete versus continuous processing

Boles

1989

Memory & Cognition

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Three attributes of words are their imageability, concreteness, and familiarity. From a literature review and several experiments, I previously concluded (Boles, 1983a) that only familiarity affects the overall near-threshold recognition of words, and that none of the attributes affects right-visual-field superiority for word recognition. Here these conclusions are modified by two experiments demonstrating a critical mediating influence of intentional versus incidental memory instructions. In Experiment 1, subjects were instructed to remember the words they were shown, for subsequent recall. The results showed effects of both imageability and familiarity on overall recognition, as well as an effect of imageability on lateralization. In Experiment 2, word-memory instructions were deleted and the results essentially reinstated the findings of Boles C1983a). It is concluded that right-hemisphere imagery processes can participate in word recognition under intentional memory instructions. Within the dual coding theory (Paivio, 1971), the results argue that both discrete and continuous processing modes are available, that the modes can be used strategically, and that continuous processing can occur prior to response stages.In a literature review and five experiments I conducted several years ago (Boles, 1983a), it was concluded that the word attributes of imageability and concreteness have no clear effect on overall word recognition or on field asymmetries (lateralization) in word recognition. A third word attribute, familiarity/frequency, was found to be related to overall recognition but not to asymmetry.It may be useful to briefly describe some of the literature and experimental findings leading to those conclusions, with reference to representative studies. Further citations may be found in Boles (l983a). First, with regard to the rated imageability of words, null effects on overall visual or auditory recognition were reported by three studies (e.g., Paivio & O'Neill, 1970), and on asymmetry by five studies (e.g., Schmuller & Goodman, 1979). Significant effects, by contrast, were found in three and two studies, respectively (e.g., Day, 1979).Similarly, rated concreteness presented a mixed picture. Null or even negative effects (favoring low-concreteness words) were found in seven studies of overall recognition (e.g., Richardson, 1976) and in eight studies of asymmetry (e.g., Bradshaw, Nettleton, & Taylor, 1981), while significant positive effects (favoring high-concreteness words) were reported in another seven and six studies, respectively (e.g., Borkowski, Spreen, & Stutz, 1965;Hines, 1976).Taking imageability and concreteness alone, therefore, it appeared that any effects of the attributes on overall Thanks are extended to Kimberly Castelda and Frank Montaniz for running subjects in the two experiments. Reprint requests should be addressed to David B. Boles, Department of Psychology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180. or lateralized word recognition were questionable, since over half of the s...

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Visual duration threshold as a function of word-probability.

Cited by 402 publications

References 1 publication

How corporate social responsibility is defined: an analysis of 37 definitions

How corporate social responsibility is defined: an analysis of 37 definitions

Time Course of Frequency Effects in Spoken-Word Recognition: Evidence from Eye Movements

Word attributes and lateralization revisited: Implications for dual coding and discrete versus continuous processing

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