Visual control in children with developmental dyslexia

Castro, Stella; Salgado, Cíntia Alves; Andrade, Fernando Portolani; Ciasca, Sylvia Maria; Carvalho, Keila Monteiro de

doi:10.1590/s0004-27492008000600014

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…This finding is in keeping with published work, 14,15 but a number of studies, including a study of 86 children with dyslexia and controls and a descriptive review, have found contrasting results, 16,[20][21][22] all of whom described no association between dyslexia and stereoacuity.…”

Section: Depth Perceptionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…19,20 However, other studies have found no association between these abnormalities and dyslexia. 2,16,18,[20][21][22][23] A descriptive review of 114 articles published from 2000 to 2012 found that eye movement anomalies, visual contrast deficits, and pseudoneglect were the main ophthalmic features associated with dyslexia. 24 It has been hypothesized that the abnormalities in eye movements are potentially the result, not the cause, of the condition.…”

Section: What This Study Addsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of small, typically clinic-or school-based case-control studies have postulated associations between dyslexia and poor stereopsis, 14,15 abnormal fusion, 16 increased demand on sensory fusion processes, 17 abnormal convergence, 16,18 and reduced contrast sensitivity. 19,20 However, other studies have found no association between these abnormalities and dyslexia.…”

Section: What This Study Addsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This finding was consistent with the majority of studies. 2,16,20,21,23 In contrast, 1 case-control study involving 55 Finnish children with dyslexia found an association with convergence insufficiency. 18 A review of the literature in 2013 found that poor perception of low contrast was associated with dyslexia.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

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Ophthalmic Abnormalities and Reading Impairment

et al. 2015

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OBJECTIVES: To explore associations between specific learning disorder with impairment in reading (dyslexia) and ophthalmic abnormalities in children aged 7 to 9 years.METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis was performed on cohort study data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Reading impairment was defined according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition criteria. Children who achieved .2 SD below the mean in the Neale Analysis of Reading Ability Scale II and level ,4 in nonmathematical national key stage 2 tests were defined as having severe reading impairment (SRI). Children with blindness or IQ ,70 were excluded.RESULTS: Data were available for 5822 children, of whom 172 (3%) met the criteria for SRI. No association was found between SRI and strabismus, motor fusion, sensory fusion at a distance, refractive error, amblyopia, convergence, accommodation, or contrast sensitivity. Abnormalities in sensory fusion at near were mildly higher in children with SRI compared with their peers (1 in 6 vs 1 in 10, P = .08), as were children with stereoacuity worse than 60 seconds/arc (1 in 6 vs 1 in 10, P = .001).CONCLUSIONS: Four of every 5 children with SRI had normal ophthalmic function in each test used. A small minority of children displayed minor anomalies in stereoacuity or fusion of near targets. The slight excess of these children among those with SRI may be a result of their reading impairment or may be unrelated. We found no evidence that vision-based treatments would be useful to help children with SRI.WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Dyslexia has a lifelong impact on learning. The consensus in the literature from clinical studies is that dyslexia is not caused by vision abnormalities. However, interventions and therapies directed at eye-related functions are still available. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:In this cohort the majority of dyslexic children had normal results for all ophthalmic tests. These population-based data support the consensus that dyslexia is not primarily a vision problem and that vision-based therapies are not justified or likely to help. Dr Creavin planned the study questions, analyzed the data, interpreted the results, and wrote the manuscript; Dr Lingam planned the study questions and the original clinical assessment of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) children along with the rest of the ALSPAC team and was involved in interpreting the results and writing the final manuscript; Dr Steer was involved in interpreting the results and writing the final manuscript; and Dr Williams planned the study questions and the original clinical assessment of the ALSPAC children along with the rest of the ALSPAC team and was involved in interpreting the results and writing the final manuscript. A number of neurodevelopmental conditions are associated with ophthalmic abnormalities. 7-9 Reading requires adequate vision and the neurologic ability to identify what is seen, and consequently the study of difficulties in vision and vis...

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Section: Depth Perceptionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: What This Study Addsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: What This Study Addsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 97%

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Ophthalmic Abnormalities and Reading Impairment

et al. 2015

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“…For fusional vergence, the findings are again not consistent. Castro found that children with dyslexia had poor positive (base-out) fusional vergence (Castro, Salgado, Andrade, Ciasca, & Carvalho, 2008) whereas others have found normal positive but reduced negative (base-in) fusional vergence (Bucci et al, 2008;Kapoula et al, 2007;Palomo-Alvarez & Puell, 2010). It has also been reported that children with dyslexia have reductions in both positive and negative fusional vergence (Bucci, Melithe, Ajrezo, Bui-Quoc, & Gerard, 2014;Evans et al, 1994b;Heim, Haugen, Helland, & Fostervold, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optometric Disorders in Children and Adults with Dyslexia

Vikesdal

Mon-Williams

Langaas

2019

Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research

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Optometric disorders are likely to increase the difficulties experienced by an individual who is struggling to read. There are some reports of a higher incidence of visual abnormalities in children with dyslexia, but there has been little investigation into adults. We therefore investigated the optometric status of a population comprising children and adults with dyslexia. Fifty-four patients (27 with dyslexia, 27 controls) underwent extensive optometric testing. Measurements included visual acuity, cycloplegic refraction, accommodation and binocular vision testing. There was a higher proportion of individuals with dyslexia presenting with optometric problems compared to controls. For children with dyslexia, the most common diagnosis were hypermetropia [far-sightedness] (forty-one percent compared to eighteen percent of the control group) and accommodation insufficiency (thirty-five percent compared to no controls). Untreated optometric disorders were present in both children and adults with dyslexia. The results strongly suggest that an optometric examination should be included in the management of this condition.

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