Visual Conformity with Affirmed Gender or “Passing”: Its Distribution and Association with Depression and Anxiety in a Cohort of Transgender People

To, Margaret Q; Zhang, Qi; Bradlyn, Andrew S.; Getahun, Darios; Giammattei, Shawn V.; Nash, Rebecca; Owen-Smith, Ashli; Roblin, Douglas W.; Silverberg, Michael J.; Tangpricha, Vin; Vupputuri, Suma; Goodman, Michael

doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.07.019

Cited by 29 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…While the current study was not sufficiently powered to detect differences between gender identity subgroups, it is possible that gender nonconformity is experienced differently by binary as opposed to nonbinary transgender people. While social stigmatization of gender norm divergence might negatively affect both groups equally, it is possible that, for nonbinary people, being read as gender nonconforming might also affirm their identity and might be considered as “passing” (Rood et al, 2017; To et al, 2020). Future studies could benefit from further examining how gender nonconformity might both inhibit and promote mental health in nonbinary people by studying “passing” as well as gender nonconformity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Future studies could benefit from further examining how gender nonconformity might both inhibit and promote mental health in nonbinary people by studying “passing” as well as gender nonconformity. Furthermore, as participants who underwent gender-affirming health care interventions could experience less gender nonconformity than their counterparts (To et al, 2020; Wernick et al, 2019), future studies looking into the role of gender nonconformity as a potential moderator could benefit from including this variable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While some might argue that gender nonconformity could be considered similar to “passing” (i.e. visually being perceived in line with the gender they identify with; To et al, 2020), the meaning of “passing” might be different for binary and nonbinary transgender people. While “passing” for binary transgender people might mean being perceived as male (for transmen) or female (for transwomen), “passing” for nonbinary people might mean visually being perceived as gender nonconforming.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Mental health in transgender adults: The role of proximal minority stress, community connectedness, and gender nonconformity.

Helsen¹,

Enzlin²,

Gijs³

2022

Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity

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The minority stress model is used to explore the development of mental health disparities experienced by transgender adults. However, research so far has focused on the harmful impact of distal minority stressors, leaving proximal minority stressors understudied. This study aimed to examine the associations between mental health difficulties of transgender adults and proximal minority stress, community connectedness, and gender nonconformity. Between December 28th, 2018 and March 1st, 2019; 143 Flemish and Dutch transgender adults (65 transgender women, 44 transgender men, 34 nonbinary adults) between the ages of 18 and 70 (M = 34.79, SD = 13.62) filled out an online survey. Using multiple linear regression analyses, results confirmed that proximal minority stress was associated with higher levels of mental health difficulties. Specifically, internalized transnegativity and expectations of rejection-but not concealment-were associated with higher levels of mental health difficulties. Community connectedness was not associated with mental health difficulties and did not act as a moderator, suggesting that it might not foster resilience in transgender adults. Finally, gender nonconformity was associated with higher levels of mental health difficulties but did not act as a moderator. These findings partially support the applicability of the minority stress model but suggest expanding it to include stigma visibility, that is, gender nonconformity, as a determinant of mental health difficulties in transgender adults. Overall, these findings highlight that prevention and treatment strategies for mental health difficulties in transgender people should take into account internalized transnegativity, expectations of rejection, and the social stigma associated with gender nonconformity. Public Significance StatementThis study suggests that transgender adults with higher levels of internalized transnegativity, expectations of rejection, and/or gender nonconformity may experience higher levels of mental health difficulties.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mental health in transgender adults: The role of proximal minority stress, community connectedness, and gender nonconformity.

Helsen¹,

Enzlin²,

Gijs³

2022

Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity

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“…Some studies reported less dissatisfaction for non-binary people [ 36 ] whilst in our sample there is a tendency of higher dissatisfaction for non-binary adolescents. These different results can be attributed to various factors such as timing and status of social and medical transition, reality of life [ 10 ], social environment, extent of passing [ 37 , 38 ] or location and year of survey [ 39 ]. Accordingly, caution should be exercised in making generalized statements and more research is needed to gain more knowledge on correlates of gender differences in body dissatisfaction among transgender adolescents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing body dissatisfaction and gender dysphoria in the context of minority stress among transgender adolescents

Brecht,

Bos,

Ries

et al. 2024

Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health

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Background Gender dysphoria among transgender adolescents has predominantly been examined in relation to body dissatisfaction. While in adult transgender samples, body dissatisfaction is higher than in cisgender controls, this has so far rarely been investigated for adolescents. In the context of a cisnormative society, the impact of influences from the social environment on body dissatisfaction and gender dysphoria has been neglected in research. Therefore, this study aimed to (1) provide a detailed analysis of body dissatisfaction among young transgender people and (2) investigate whether body dissatisfaction and gender dysphoria are associated with experiences of minority stress such as trans hostility and poor peer relations (PPR). Methods The paper presents a cross-sectional study among a sample of transgender adolescents, presenting at a specialized outpatient counseling clinic (N = 99; age M = 15.36, SD = 1.85). First, body dissatisfaction (assessed by the Body-Image-Scale; BIS), was explored and compared to data from a population-based control group of cisgender peers (N = 527; age M = 14.43, SD = 0.97). Second, within a clinic-referred transgender subsample (n = 74), associations between body dissatisfaction and gender dysphoria (measured by Utrecht Gender Dysphoria Scale; UGDS), PPR (measured by the Youth-Self-Report; YSR-R), and trans hostile experiences (assessed in clinical interview) were examined by correlations, t-tests and multivariate regression. Results Transgender adolescents reported more body dissatisfaction than cisgender peers. The dissatisfaction with sex characteristics, non-hormonal reactive body regions and the total score for body dissatisfaction were positively related with gender dysphoria. The majority had experienced trans hostility in the present and/or past (54.1%) and PPR (63.5%). More body dissatisfaction was correlated with more PPR regarding visible body parts i.e., hair, overall appearance and muscles, whilst PPR and gender dysphoria were not associated. Transgender adolescents who experienced trans hostility showed higher gender dysphoria and PPR, but not more body dissatisfaction. In multiple regression, trans hostility predicted gender dysphoria, whilst age and PPR predicted body dissatisfaction. Discussion Experiences of minority-stress differentially interact with body dissatisfaction and gender dysphoria among transgender adolescents. Social correlates of body dissatisfaction and gender dysphoria must be considered when working with young transgender people.

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“…Stigma has also been applied to understand other conditions such as mental illness (To et al, 2020), HIV (Lacombe-Duncan et al, 2020;Mbeda et al, 2020) and socioeconomic situations (Pescosolido & Martin, 2015). However, a definition of stigma applied to challenges faced by TGD people globally, particularly in the context of healthcare access, is unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stigma among transgender and gender‐diverse people accessing healthcare: A concept analysis

Velasco

2021

Journal of Advanced Nursing

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Visual Conformity with Affirmed Gender or “Passing”: Its Distribution and Association with Depression and Anxiety in a Cohort of Transgender People

Cited by 29 publications

References 32 publications

Mental health in transgender adults: The role of proximal minority stress, community connectedness, and gender nonconformity.

Mental health in transgender adults: The role of proximal minority stress, community connectedness, and gender nonconformity.

Analyzing body dissatisfaction and gender dysphoria in the context of minority stress among transgender adolescents

Stigma among transgender and gender‐diverse people accessing healthcare: A concept analysis

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