Vision in the Ganzfeld.

Avant, Lloyd L.

doi:10.1037/h0022208

Cited by 105 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Similar findings were found in sensory and perceptual deprivation experiments (Zubek and Welch, 1963; Zakay and Lobel, 1983; Grassion, 1986). Similar effects are found in real life situation which resemble perceptual deprivation like in the case of snow-blindness which create a ganzfeld (Avant, 1965). It can be concluded that the need for meaningful information is a genuine need of the cognitive system which strives to gain the optimal amount of information (Merhabian, 1977).…”

Section: Psychological Timesupporting

confidence: 65%

Psychological time as information: the case of boredomâ€

2014

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The flow of time is experienced by humans although the exact nature of time is not well understood. The importance of time in humans’ life is not in dispute and is reflected by several dimensions like duration, which is best representing the naïve meaning of time. Psychological time serves several important functions which are essential for being able to act and survive in a dynamic environment. In the present paper we argue that psychological time in the form of sensing the pace of the flow of time provides important information to the executive system which control and monitor behavior. When information processing load is below an optimal level for a specific Individual a feeling of boredom is raised. Boredom is accompanied by a slowing of the felt pace of the flow of time. Boredom is a unique mental state which is linked with decreasing efficiency in cognitive and perceptual performance and is correlated with low job satisfaction and general well-being. As such, boredom poses a threat to normal functioning. We suggest that the felt slowing in the flow of time is a signal which, similarly to pain, is aimed at alerting the executive system that resources should be recruited in order to cope with the hazardous state.

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Section: Psychological Timesupporting

confidence: 65%

Psychological time as information: the case of boredomâ€

2014

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“…When a subject stares at an empty field with homogeneous coloring (no brightness gradients and contours in it) for a long time, sooner or later an experience of “fading out” or “emptiness” of the visual sense occurs (Avant, 1965; Wackermann et al, 2008). Colorful visual experience disappears.…”

Section: Empirical Facts Consistent With C = L × Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

It is time to combine the two main traditions in the research on the neural correlates of consciousness: C = L Ã— D

Bachmann

Hudetz

2014

Front. Psychol.

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Research on neural correlates of consciousness has been conducted and carried out mostly from within two relatively autonomous paradigmatic traditions – studying the specific contents of conscious experience and their brain-process correlates and studying the level of consciousness. In the present paper we offer a theoretical integration suggesting that an emphasis has to be put on understanding the mechanisms of consciousness (and not a mere correlates) and in doing this, the two paradigmatic traditions must be combined. We argue that consciousness emerges as a result of interaction of brain mechanisms specialized for representing the specific contents of perception/cognition – the data – and mechanisms specialized for regulating the level of activity of whatever data the content-carrying specific mechanisms happen to represent. Each of these mechanisms are necessary because without the contents there is no conscious experience and without the required level of activity the processed contents remain unconscious. Together the two mechanisms, when activated up to a necessary degree each, provide conditions sufficient for conscious experience to emerge. This proposal is related to pertinent experimental evidence.

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“…It is well known that a Ganzfeld distorts many visual functions (12), impairs target detection (13), and degrades other processes which are considered to be basically foveal, such as reading (14). We therefore tested the hypothesis that loss in the water of much of the usual peripheral stimulation is the cause of the drop in stereoacuity.…”

Section: Visual Acuitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Underwater Vision

Luria

Kinney

1970

Science

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31. M. L. Hair (private communication) states that, at pressures of 16 torr and above, the very rapid increase in the amount of absorbed water makes it difficult to make precise measurements, and a fairly broad range of values for the number of molecules absorbed per hydrogen-bonded hydroxyl pair may be indicated. Hair's failure to produce anomalous water may have been due to the special nature of the surface treatment, which may prevent a clustering of hydroxyl pairs sufficient to form successive layers. Fortunately all that is needed for understanding the formation process is identification of hydrogen-bonded surface hydroxyl pairs with an increased absorption under the pressure condiitons favorable to the formation of anomalous water.Hair also proposed the anomalous water geometry given in Fig. 4h, but this has a higher energy than either squares or planar hexagons. 32. Even though the asymmetric cyclic hexamer has a per-bond binding energy comparable to, or slightly greater than, tetrahedral coordination, its geometry is not favorable for formation of the normal liquid because of its very low entropy relative to the tetrahedral arrangements. 33. There is a further decrease in the free energy, due to the lower vibration frequency, hence the higher entropy, of the symmetric hexamer over the asymmetric hexamer. 34. L. Pedersen and K. Morokuma, J. Chem. Phys. 46, 3941 (1967). 35. When an anomalous-water bond is broken, the energy of the conformation immediately after breakage is close to that of a symmetric bonded chain. A concerted motion of each. symmetric hydrogen to a corresponding asymmetric position is highly unlikely because of the between-layer interconnections.

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Vision in the Ganzfeld.

Cited by 105 publications

References 30 publications

Psychological time as information: the case of boredomâ€

Psychological time as information: the case of boredomâ€

It is time to combine the two main traditions in the research on the neural correlates of consciousness: C = L Ã— D

Underwater Vision

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