In the past decade, there has been a global resurgence of bed bug infestations, especially
in developed countries. Proper awareness and identification of bed bug infestations are essential to
guide treatment and eradication. The purpose of this article is to familiarize physicians with bed bug
bites so that they can effectively diagnose, treat, and address questions about bed bug bites and infestations. Bed bug bites are often painless. Typical reactions include pruritic, erythematous maculopapules occurring in clusters or in a linear or curvilinear distribution in exposed areas of the body.
A small red punctum may be visualized at the center of the bite mark. Lesions that appear three in a
row and papules on the upper eyelid associated with erythema and edema are highly suggestive of
bites from bed bugs. Exaggerated local reactions such as vesicles, urticarial wheals, urticarial perilesional plaques, diffuse urticaria, bullae, and nodules may occur in previously sensitized individuals. Reactions to bed bug bites are self-limited. As such, treatment is mainly symptomatic. Topical
pramoxine and oral antihistamines can be used to alleviate pruritus. Topical corticosteroids can be
used for significant eruptions to control inflammation and pruritus, and to hasten resolution of the
lesions. Integrated pest management, an approach for the eradication of bed bugs, includes monitoring devices (active monitors include the use of heat or carbon dioxide attractants and passive monitors include the use of sticky pads for trapping), and judicious use of nonchemical and chemical
treatments known to be effective. Nonchemical interventions include keeping affected areas clean
and free of clutter, vacuuming, washing linens with hot water, caulking wall holes and cracks where
bugs can hide, proper disposal of highly infested items, and placement of bed bug traps/interceptors
at the base of beds and furniture. Chemical interventions involve the use of insecticides such as synthetic pyrethroids, silicates, insect growth disruptors, carbamates, organophosphates, neonicotinoids, diethyl-meta-toluamide, chlorfenapyr, fipronil and plant essential oils. Insecticides should
be used with caution to prevent over-exposure and toxicity (in particular, cardiovascular and neurologic toxicity), especially if there are young children around. It is important to note that multiple
mechanisms of insecticide resistance exist and as such, chemical treatment should only be undertaken by trained professionals who understand the current literature on resistance. Both nonchemical and chemical technologies should be combined for optimal results.
Bed bug infestations may cause diverse dermal reactions, stigmatization, poor self-esteem, emotional stress, anxiety, significant adverse effect on quality of life, and substantial socioeconomic
burden to society. As such, their rapid detection and eradication are of paramount importance. Consultation with a professional exterminator is recommended to fully eradicate an infestation.
