Visible radiation observed near the surface of Venus: Results and their interpretation

Solid Planet–Atmosphere Interactions

“…Reflectance spectra of Venus' surface measured at the Venera 9-10 landing sites (Ekonomov et al, 1980) roughly match with the spectrum of the ferric oxide hematite (a-Fe 2 O 3 ) heated to Venus' surface temperatures (Pieters et al, 1986), as can be seen in Figures 3 and 4. Reflectance spectra of Venus' surface measured at the Venera 9-10 landing sites (Ekonomov et al, 1980) roughly match with the spectrum of the ferric oxide hematite (a-Fe 2 O 3 ) heated to Venus' surface temperatures (Pieters et al, 1986), as can be seen in Figures 3 and 4.…”

“…Venus' surface rocks ( Table 2) are significantly enriched in S compared with basalts, which typically contain <0.2 wt% S. Martian soils (Table 3) are enriched in S, Cl, Br, and bound H 2 O compared with normal basalts. Albedo (%) Figure 3 Reflectance properties of the Venus' surface at the Venera 9-10 landing sites (Ekonomov et al, 1980;Pieters et al, 1986). The variable abundances of volatiles imply their exogenic source.…”

Solid Planet–Atmosphere Interactions

“…The finest grains could represent a globally homogenized material that has also been observed at the Viking and Mars Pathfinder landing sites (Christensen and Moore, 1992;Bell et al, 2000). Reflectance spectra of Venus' surface measured at the Venera 9-10 landing sites (Ekonomov et al, 1980) roughly match with the spectrum of the ferric oxide hematite (-Fe 2 O 3 ) heated to Venus' surface temperatures (Pieters et al, 1986), as can be seen in Figures 3 and 4. On Mars and Venus, surface materials exhibit specific absorptions in the visible and near-infrared spectral ranges, indicating the presence of Fe 3þ -bearing (ferric) species, which are uncommon in unaltered basalts.…”

“…Venus' surface rocks ( Table 2) Reflectance properties of the Venus' surface at the Venera 9-10 landing sites (Ekonomov et al, 1980;Pieters et al, 1986). Venus' surface rocks ( Table 2) Reflectance properties of the Venus' surface at the Venera 9-10 landing sites (Ekonomov et al, 1980;Pieters et al, 1986).…”

A New Analysis of the Spectra Obtained by the Venera Missions in the Venusian Atmosphere. I. The Analysis of the Data Received from the Venera-11 Probe at Altitudes Below 37 km in the 0.44–0.66 µm Wavelength Range

“…The single scattering albedo in the lth layer is Avduevskii et al (1976), Selivanov et al (1976Selivanov et al ( , 1983, Golovin et al (1979), and Ekonomov et al (1979Ekonomov et al ( , 1980.…”