“…However, bare α-Fe 2 O 3 has some limitations in terms of PEC performance, including fast electron-hole recombination, short hole diffusion length (typically 2–4 nm), and low conductivity [2] , [21] , [22] , [23] . Various methods can be used to overcome these drawbacks, such as the application of doping elements to improve electron transport [24] the inclusion of a heterojunction with other semiconductors to enhance charge separation [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] the use of nanostructures to generate more electron–hole pairs, the addition of co-catalysts on the surface to promote charge migration, and other methods to control morphology [30] , [31] , [32] . The p–n junction between a p-type and an n-type semiconductor can enhance the efficiency of the photoanode by not only decreasing the charge recombination rate but also improving the electron–hole separation.…”