“…These barriers include discrimination and bias by those in authority (Acker, 1990; Baron & Bielby, 1986;Kanter, 1977;Reskin, 2000); lack of mentoring (Blake-Beard, 2001;Essien, 2003;Martin, 1994); exclusion from social and informational networks (Essien, 2003;McGuire, 2002;Smith-Lovin & McPherson, 1993); and uneven distribution of low-status assignments (Essien, 2003).…”