“…When LiNbO 3 devices are used at high laser intensity, their performance is severely limited by the optical damage effect, which induces birefringence change and distorts the laser beams [4]. Some damage resistant impurities have been discovered, such as divalent (Mg 2+ [5], Zn 2+ [6]) and trivalent (In 3+ [7,8], and Sc 3+ [9]) impurities, which lead to a strong decrease in the photo damage of LiNbO 3 [10], Zn:Er:LiNbO 3 [11], and Sc:Er:LiNbO 3 [12] crystals were reported.…”