Viscosity divergence and gelation

Chatterjee, B.; Roy, S.C.

doi:10.1016/j.radphyschem.2005.08.006

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…Various methods for determining gel time have been reported, including the pouring cup, rotational viscometer, and rheological technology via changing dynamic mechanical properties under conventional conditions [21][22][23][24]. However, most experimental devices are not suitable for being placed in a vacuum environment.…”

Section: Methods For Determining Gel Time Of Pf Resinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Curing Process of Phenol Formaldehyde Resin for Plywood under Vacuum Conditions

Xiong¹,

Li²,

Ju³

et al. 2023

Journal of Renewable Materials

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The study characterized the curing behaviors of phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin under different vacuum degrees and explored the properties of 9-ply plywood panels hot-pressed under both vacuum and atmospheric conditions. The changes in core temperature and moisture content of the plywood mats during hot pressing were investigated as well. It was found that the gel times and gel temperatures of PF resin decreased with the increase of vacuum degree using a self-made device. FTIR spectra indicated the degree of polycondensation of hydroxymethyl gradually increased with the increase in temperature. It was also observed that a higher degree of vacuum led to a slower polycondensation reaction rate of PF resin. During different hot-pressing processes, the bonding strengths in the innermost and uppermost gluelines of the vacuum hot-pressed plywood panels were up to 30%-50% higher than their counterparts of conventional hot-pressed products. A less difference in the bonding strengths between these two gluelines was also observed for vacuum hot-pressed products. In addition, the core of vacuum hot-pressed plywood was found to have a greater heating rate and higher temperature at the final stage of hot pressing, which was beneficial to cure the PF resin. The results from this study indicate a promising potential of introducing a vacuum during hot pressing to improve the quality and productivity of plywood products and provide a basis for adopting vacuum to hot press wood composites.

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Section: Methods For Determining Gel Time Of Pf Resinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Curing Process of Phenol Formaldehyde Resin for Plywood under Vacuum Conditions

Xiong¹,

Li²,

Ju³

et al. 2023

Journal of Renewable Materials

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“…To explore the effect of curing time on the viscosity of MREs’ suspension, SR-based MREs with varying fractions of CIPs ranging from 0–30 vol% were prepared. Figure 15 illustrated the theoretical and experimental values of the viscosity of MREs calculated through the Einstein–Guth–Gold equation [ 136 ], under various curing times and CIP fractions. It was found that the pure SR without CIPs exhibited an experimental viscosity of 1300 MPa.…”

Section: Properties Of Isotropic Magnetorheological Elastomersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress in Isotropic Magnetorheological Elastomers and Their Properties: A Review

et al. 2020

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Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) are magneto-sensitive smart materials, widely used in various applications, i.e., construction, automotive, electrics, electronics, medical, minimally invasive surgery, and robotics. Such a wide field of applications is due to their superior properties, including morphological, dynamic mechanical, magnetorheological, thermal, friction and wear, and complex torsional properties. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive review of the recent progress in isotropic MREs, with the main focus on their properties. We first present the background and introduction of the isotropic MREs. Then, the preparation of filler particles, fabrication methods of isotropic MREs, and key parameters of the fabrication process—including types of polymer matrices and filler particles, filler particles size and volume fraction, additives, curing time/temperature, and magnetic field strength—are discussed in a separate section. Additionally, the properties of various isotropic MREs, under specific magnetic field strength and tensile, compressive, or shear loading conditions, are reviewed in detail. The current review concludes with a summary of the properties of isotropic MREs, highlights unexplored research areas in isotropic MREs, and provides an outlook of the future opportunities of this innovative field.

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